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FARMERS’ COPING
STRATEGIES TO EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATERMELON PRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
of the study
Some evidence
show that agriculture will be more affected by climate change in Africa than in
other regions of the world (Sultan and Gaetani, 2016; Knox et al., 2012;
Roudier et al., 2011, Rippke et al., 2016). Smallholder agriculture, the most
widespread across Africa, has long been characterised by adaptive and flexible
strategies to reduce vulnerability to climate natural variability and soil
depletion (Adger et al., 2003, Tschakert, 2007; Eriksen et al., 2008; Thomas et
al., 2007). African farmers, particularly in dry land areas, have developed
both on- and off-farm adaptation strategies in response to these risks. These
are based on four principles: (i) diversification (crops and
farming/non-farming activities); (ii) association (different crops on the same
field, mixed crop-livestock farming, cultivated/natural spaces); (iii)
intensification (labour resources and soil fertility); and (iv) species
selection (based on natural conditions and population needs) (Agrawal, 2010).
These adaptative strategies have aimed to offset the negative impacts of
natural climatic variations and shocks, including droughts, and sustain the
agroecosystem, whenever possible, without changing its fundamental attributes
(Malik et al., 2010; Parry et al., 2007; Fankhauser et al., 1999).
In the context
of climate change in Sahel, these adaptations often had limited impacts and
mostly amounted to survival strategies for farmers with no possibility of
increased agricultural production. When facing climate-related shocks,
resource-poor farmers adopt erosive coping strategies for agriculture, whose
long-term impacts are negative on household productivity (Kates et al., 2012;
Rickards and Howden, 2012), and/or develop migration strategies (Suhrke, 1994;
Findley, 1994; Henry et al., 2004; Lalou and Delaunay, 2017). Thus, if climate
shocks require agricultural adaptation strategies from African smallholder
farmers, they hinder these adaptations rather than favour them. Climate change
can also create agricultural opportunities and farmers can develop strategies
to take advantage of them (IPCC, 2014). Unlike shocks, climatic opportunities,
such as a rise in rainfall, are likely to increase available natural resources
without diminishing household economic capacities. Hence, the question raised
in this study is to determine whether climate opportunity is likely to
facilitate adaptation of vulnerable agrarian societies.
1.2
Statement
of the problem
There
may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further
explanations and analysis in farmers’
coping strategies to effect of climate change on watermelon production in bursari, yobe state
1.3
Objectives
of the study
1. To
understand the impact of coping strategies employed by farmers to effect
climate change on watermelon
2. To
understand the relationship between farmers’ coping strategies and climate
change on water melon
1.4
Research
questions
1.What
is the impact of coping strategies employed by farmers to effect climate change
on watermelon
2
What is the relationship
between farmers’ coping strategies and climate change on water melon
1.5
Research
hypothesis
H0:
There is no relationship between farmers’ coping strategies and climate change
on water melon
H1:
There is a relationship between farmers’ coping strategies and climate change
on water melon
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