THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF ‘BOKO HARAM’ INSURGENCE IN NIGERIA THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF ‘BOKO HARAM’ INSURGENCE IN NIGERIA
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THE ECONOMIC
IMPLICATION OF ‘BOKO HARAM’ INSURGENCE IN NIGERIA THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF
‘BOKO HARAM’ INSURGENCE IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Nigeriahas a long
history of religious conflicts, some of the most virulent being those of the
‘Maitatsine’ (1980s) and ‘Boko Haram’ (July 2009). The latter matched the
former in intensity, organization, and spread. Given the international
attention to global terrorism, there is the likelihood that fundamentalist
group receive motivation, material, and ideological support or influence from a
global jihadist movement. Unresolved national issues, including the weak
economy, weak security and intelligence apparatuses, and the failure to define
what the national culture and identity is, are critical factors. The precedent
of ‘Maitatsine’ and the government’s handling of it suggest that government
incapacity and lack of political will have served to encourage incurrence
(incurrence is the act of incurring (making yourself subject to something
undesirable) and question the state’s capacity. It discusses the resurgence of
violence under the guise of religious revivalism and draws parallels lines
between the ‘Maitatsine’ uprising and the ‘Boko Haram’ uprising. It examine
theNigeriastate response to these uprisings. It concludes that unless the state
addresses concretely and tackles bravely the condition that can aid or fuel
violent religious revivalism, uprisings may occur. This paper documents and
analyses the ‘Boko Haram’, as well as
its links with the promotion of Islamic revivalism and the challenges it to the
secularity of the Nig.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
i
Approval page
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract
v
Table of Contents
vii
Chapter one
Introduction
1.1 Background of the
study
1
1.2 Statement of the
problem.
7
1.3 Objective of the
study
9
1.4 Significance of the
study
9
1.5 Scope of the
study
11
1.6 Limitations of the
study
12
1.7 Definition of
Terms
15
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
23
2.2 Understanding Boko Haram 24
2.3 Economic Implication of Boko Haram onNigeria
47
2.4 Some sensible Ideas on How to Solve the
Boko 51
2.5 Causes of Boko Haram
56
2.6 Solution of Boko Haram
58
2.7 How to StopBiokoInNigeria 59
2.8 The Boko Haram Crisis inNigeria 68
2.9 How to stop Boko Haram Crisis
inNigeria 74
2.10 How Boko Haram was Formed 77
2.11 Boko Haram1, 111 Crops Member Relocate 81
Reference
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 85
3.2 Determination of Sample Size 88
3.3 Data Collection and Method of
Analysis
89
3.4 Instrument for Data Collection 89
3.5 Validation and Reliability of the
Instrument 90
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS
4.1 Presentation and analysis of data 91
4.2 Analysis of Data
92
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION,
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of Findings
94
5.2 Recommendations
94
5.3 Conclusions
96
Reference
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
‘Boko Haram’ is an
extremist Nigerian Islamist militant sect that was formed inMaiduguriin 2002 by
Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf. The sect seeks the imposition of a srict Sharia Islamic
Law throughoutNigeriaand as its name, Boko Haram (literally translated as
“Western education is a sacrilege/sin) denotes, the group believes
thatNigeriashould relinquish Western-style education. The sect became militarily
active around 2003 and since then has carried out a series of attacks against
the Nigerian government, Christian targets, including targeted killing of
worshipers and bombings of churches, and moderate Islamist groups. Since 2008,
the Nigerian government has tracked down on Boko Haram activity, this
culminated in a five-day uprising in July 2009 which left hundreds of people,
including Mohammed Yusuf, dead.
However, despite
heightened security efforts, the group has managed to continue with its
attacks. Since its inception, Boko Haram’s primary areas of focus have been in
the northern states of Yobe, Kano, Bauchi, Borno and Kaduna, although, recent
trends suggest the sects activities are moving south wards, with attacks being
recorded in the Plateau state and Abuja.
PHILOSOPHY
Book Hara is loosely modeled on the
Taliban movement in Afghanistan; one of the groups’ primary base in Kanama in
Yobe state was namedAfghanistanbefore its destruction. The group has also
issued statements expressing solidarity with al-Qaeda and has threatened
theUnited States. Although, a direct connection between ‘Boko Haram’ and the
Taiban or al-Qaeda is not discernable, like its extremist counterparts, ‘Boko
Haram’s ideology is based on hostility towards democracy and western
anti-Islamic education.Nigeria’s constitution guarantees freedom of religion
and the country has a population that is split roughly in half between a Muslim
and Christian South. Book Haram has repeatedly stated that it seeks the
imposition of a strict Sharia law system throughoutNigeria; currently, nine
northern states adhere to Sharia law, with an additional three only marginally
implementing it. According to various statements, ‘Boko Haram’ also seeks the
abolishment of western-style education, which it states is contrary to the
teachings of Islam.
STRUCTURE AND
ORGANIZATION
Not much is know about the
organizational structure of ‘Boko Haram’. The groups’ founder and former
leader, Mohammed Yusuf, was thought to have been highly educated and wealthy.
Although, Mohammed Yusuf was killed by security forces in 2009, his deputy,
Abubakar Shebu, who was initially thought to also have been killed, appeared on
a video in 2010 and claimed leadership of the group. Shebu further more,
threatened fresh attacks against the western influencedNigeriagovernment.
‘Boko Haram’ members generally do not
mix with other Islamist groups in
Nigeria, even praying in separate mosques in the larger northern cities of
Maiduguri, Kanoand Sokoto. Its lack of education and a high unemployment rate in
northern Nigeriahas given the group a seemingly bottomless reservoir from which
to draw disgruntled youth recruits and Nigeria’s State Security Service
estimates that Boko Haram has over 540,000 members. The sources are from Jos,
Kaduna, Kano, Abujabut especially in Madiduguri. (vanguard newspaper 23rdmay
2011)
OPERATIONS AND TACTICS
During the leadership
of Mohammed Yusuf, ‘Boko Haram’ carried out a number of low level attacks
against security installations and Christian churches in northernNigeria.
However, the arrest of some of its members by security forces in July 2009
spurred ‘Boko Haram’ into a general uprising killings started in Bauchi, but
soon spread to Maiduguri and smaller cities across Northern Nigeria.Maiduguri
was mainly affected with over 700 deaths recorded. Following five days of
violence, security forces stormed and destroyed ‘Boko Haram’s’ primary mosque
in Maiduguri and captured Mohammed Yusuf. He was subsequently shot and killed under suspicious circumstances by
security forces. Following Mohammed Yusuf’s death and a significant military
deployment inMaiduguri and several other areas across northernNigeria, ‘Boko
Haram’ activity all but ceased in northernNigeria.
However, in mid-2010, ‘Boko Haram’
activity resumed in the region with the sect claiming responsibility for a spate of targeted killings inMaiduguri.
Several police officers, Christians and moderate Muslims were killed in
drive-by motorcycle shootings. Furthermore, in September 200, ‘Boko Haram’
staged an attack on a federal prison in Buachi, freeing approximately 700
prisoners, of which an estimated 150 were sect’s former members. The attacks
came just mounts after the sect’s former deputy, Shebu, claimed leadership
of ‘Boko Haram’ and threatened renewed
attacks.
With the majority of its efforts
concentrated in northern Nigeria, ‘Boko Haram’ sharply sharply deviated from
previous tactics by claiming responsibility for a series of bombings in Jos,
capital of the Central Plateau State, on 24 December, 2010, which left at least
80 people’s dead; the attacks were claimed by a group called jama’atu ahlus
Sunnah lid da’awati wal jihad, a name ‘Boko Haram’ has in the past stated it
wanted to be known by. The attacks coincided with ‘Boko Haram’ led attacks on
Christian churches inMaidugurion the same day. The high degree of operational
organizational ability with which the attacks were carried out highlights the
growing threat that ‘Boko Harma’ posses to the stability ofNigeriaand ushered
in a new era of the sect’s activity. The sources are from Sokoto,kanoandAbujawhere
we a bomb blast that killed many people’s.
Furthermore, although, unconfirmed,
it is believed ‘Boko Haram’ was also responsible for the deaths of scores of
people when the mammy market, near the Sani Abacha barracks in Abuja, was
bombed on 31December, 2010. (Vanguard Newspaper 1st December 2011).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
Identified problem
common to the boko haram
Jos-Civil Right
Congress of Nigeria, CRCN, ahs advised the Federal Government to constitute a
presidential contact committee to meet the members of the ‘Boko Haram’ sect as
a way out of the current insurgent. The group in a statement on Sunday by its
president, Mallam Shebu Sani, said the committee should be headed by “a
respected and politically neutral elder statesmen”.
It identified 21 issues which it
claimed gave rise to the ‘Boko Haram problem to include the extra-judicial
killing of leader of the sect, Mohammed Usuf and the repressive acts against
the members in 2009. Other reasons it said included “the inspiration from the
success of the armed struggle in the Niger Delta, government’s policy on
appeasing militancy, abject poverty and high rate of unemployment in the
northern states as well as disconnect
between elected and appointed leaders and people. The scene of the new attack
isMaiduguri;BornoState.
The group also identified “exclusion
of member of the ‘Boko Haram’ sect by mainstream Islamic groups, proliferation
of arms in the north east, Chadian Civil War and illegal immigration, absence
of data and intelligence about individuals and organizational links with
foreign groups, lack of true federalism, resistance of the political
establishment to a national conference, the collapse of public schools and
Federal Governments increasing reliance on foreign security agencies”. The
statement added “Massive economic aid and investment in particularly the
north-eastern states, mainstreaming all religious sects and groups in boarder
religious bodies. The sources are from Sokoto,kanoandAbujawhere we a bomb blast
that killed many people’s. (Ibid, 2011).
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study is to help
the general public and Muslim youth leathers provide accurate answers to
commonly asked or expected questions about the ‘Boko Haram’ crisis and tragedy.
It help the Muslim community leaders with qualitative responses to the augments
presented by the ‘Boko Haram’ group to defend their ideology and perspectives.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Despite significant security
crackdown, Boko Haram managed to re-emerge as a severe threat. Accordingly, as opposed to weakening the
organization, Mohammed Yusuf’s death seemingly inaugurated a new age of ‘Boko Haram’
activity. Shebu, as the sect’s new leader, has added a new level of
sophistication to ‘Boko Haram’, which had up until the death of Mohammed Yusuf
mainly been concentrated on small-scale bombings, shootings and
kidnappings.Nigeriais a highly fractured society which is split along ethnic,
religious and socio-economic lines. As ‘Boko Haram’ draws the majority of its
supports from dissatisfied youth, unless the Nigeria government addresses some
of its pressing socio-economic needs, the group will undoubtedly continue to
pose a threat and further attacks against government installations, Christian
targets and moderate Muslims will in all likelihood continue.
There have been suspicious that the
resurgent ‘Boko Haram’ attacks are connected to the last Election on April 2011
general elections; violence is a usually accompaniment to Nigeria elections and
as last elections have already proven to be contentious, an increase in ‘Boko
Haram’ activity during this period is possible.Maiduguri,Kanoand Sokoko and
states that benefits from this research work in this last 2011 general
election. (Austin, Peter K. 2010).
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The research was to determine the
contributions and problems of Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency. What is known is
that Boko Haram is evolving, both in its ideology and the scope and scale of
its attacks. Its targeting of Abuja, especially the UN, shows a new level of
coordination, expertise with explosives semtex or a similar military grade
explosive was used in Abuja, leading to theories of links with other terrorists
groups and critically a new choice of international target which the sect
claims is the “forum of all the global evil”.
It is mere propaganda that we
attacked a beer parlon. We had heard that it was purely soldiers who gathered
there to drink, and we confirmed it, that was why we went there and killed
them. It also seems that there may have been a split in Boko Haram, although
this is denied on the sect’s website. In July 2010, the Yusufiya Islamic
movement which claims to have been founded by Mohammed Yusuf and as with Boko
Haram, likely draws a lineage from. The Yusufiya sect, distributed leaflets
inMaiduguridistancing itself from Boko Haram. It is thought that the split
comes from shekaus’s more extreme ideology and tactics – the move from
targeting individuals in northernNigeriato targeting the UN. “We are concerned
that some people with evil motives have infiltrated our genuine struggle with a
false Holy war that is outright UN-Islamic”, the leaflet said. “I research this
through the Codewit News Online.
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
It is very common to
limit the ‘Boko Haram’ crisis inMaiduguri to that between the Joint Task Force
(JTF) of Military and police and the members of the Yusufiyya sect (‘Boko
Haram’). What many outsideMaiduguri don’t know is the problems suffered by the
ordinaryMaiduguri citizen or anyone that has to transit and move in the town.
While the gun attacks, bombings and
resultant killings and death on both sides might be familiar to both local and
global media, the issues of human rights, maltreatment abuse and other
atrocities that go with the unofficial mandate of the security forces leaves
much to be desired.
It is instructive and a sign of
resignation, apathy and therefore dangerous situation, that in the over three
months of the stepping up of ‘Boko Haram’ and JTF battles, killings and counter
killings in Maiduguri most of the organized civil society which include trade
unions, associations, opinion leaders, traditional rulers, e.t.c have remained
mute while the average citizen suffers from all the security personnel during
the past four months-roughly since the February elections.
Nonetheless, the most talked about
topic among the meat sellers, market people, water sellers, taxi drivers and
commercial motorcyclists and indeed all other categories of citizens is how
individually and collectively, they have suffered from the ‘security’
activities of the JTF. Its dangerous because since people have remained silent
and are not fighting the cruel and insensitive JEF but only licking their
wounds in silence it means neither are they enthusiastic about ‘cooperating’
with these uniformed extortionists and bullies in helping them catch any ‘Boko
Haram’ suspects, that is assuming they know them, their houses or have any
useful information to share towards that objectives.
Aside from the accepted
inconveniences of opening boots and bonnets of cars, motorcycle and rider
search in the name of looking for weapons.Maiduguricitizens have under gone and
still undergo-dehumanizing treatments by the JTF. Part of the reasons is that
after the bodily and machinery search the citizen still has to pay some money
before he or she could go free. In Gwange andLagosbridge areas its customary
for commercial motorists and cyclists to willingly and in daylight give money
to the JTF at the road-blocks before they move on for fear of being beaten or
otherwise punished by frog-jumping or lying
down on the sun-baked road.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
‘‘Boko Haram’
(figuratively, “Western or non-Islamic education is a sin” is a controversial
Nigerian terrorist Islamist group that seeks the imposition of Shariah law in
the northern state ofNigeria. The group presently has an undefined structure
and chain of command. The official name of the group is Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna
Lidda await wal. Jihad, which in Arabic means “people committed to the
propagation of the prophet’s Teachings and Jihad”. The literal translation is
Association of Sunnis for the propagation of Islam and for Holy war”. It because know internationally
following sectarian violence inNigeria in 2009.
Etymology: The group’s
official name is Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna Liddda Awati Wal-jihad, which in
Arbaic names “people commitment to the
propagation o the prophet’s teachings and jihad”. But residents ofMaiduguri,
where it was formed in 2002, dubbed it ‘Boko Haram’. Loosely translated from
the local Hausa language, this means Western education is forbidden. Residents
gave it the name because of its strong opposition to western education, which
it sees as corrupting Muslims.
The term ‘Boko Haram’ comes from the
Hausa world Boko meaning “Animist, western or otherwise non-Islamic education”
and the Arabic word Haram figuratively meaning “Sin” (Literally, Forbidden”).
Ideology: ‘Boko Haram’
opposes not only western education, but western culture and modern science as
well. In a 2009 BBC interview, Yusuf stated that the belief that the world is a
sphere is contrary to Islam and should be rejected, along with Darwinism and
the theory that rain comes from water evaporated by the sun.
History: The group came
into existence in the 1960’s (citation needed) but only started to draw
attention in 2002. Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf
became its leader in the same year in 2004, it moved to
Kanamma,YobeState, where it set up a base called “Afghanistan”, used to attack
nearby police outposts, killing police officers. Its follower are said to be
influenced by the Koranic phrase which says; “Anyone who is not governed by
what Allah has revealed is among the transgressors” ‘Boko Haram’ promotes a
version of Islam which makes it “Haram” or forbidden, for Muslims to take part
in any political or social activity associated with Western Society. This
includes voting in elections, wearing shirts and trousers or receiving a
secular education. ‘Boko Haram’ haram regards the Nigerian state as being run
by non-believers, even when the country has a Muslim president. Since the
Sokoto Caliphate, which ruled parts of what is now northernNigeria,Niger
andSouthern Cameroon, feel under British control in 1903, there has been
resistance among the area’s Muslims to Western education. May Muslim families
still refuse to send their children to government-run” western schools”, a
problem compounded by the ruling elite
which does not see education as a priority. Against this background, the
charismatic Muslim cleric, Mohammed Yusuf
formed ‘Boko Haram’ inMaiduguri 202. He sat up a religious complex,
which included the mosque and an Islamic school. Many poor Muslim families from acrossNigeria, as well as
neighboring countries, enrolled their children at the school. But ‘Boko Haram’
was not only interested in education. It political goal was to create an Islamic state and the school
became a recruiting ground for jihads to fight the state.
In Bauchi, the group was reported as
refusing to mix with local people. The group includes members who come from
neighboring Chadand speak only in Arabic. In Abuja, on the 14th of July, 2011,
a bomb carrying 700 cartons which contained bombs were intercepted by soldiers on
routine stop and search.
Clash with the state:
In July 2009, the Nigerian police started
investigating the group, following reports that the group was arming
itself. Several leaders were arrested in Buachi, sparking deadly clashes
withNigeria security forces which led to the deaths of an estimated 700 people.
Attacks: Prior for the clashes, many Muslim leaders
and at least one military official had warned the authorities about ‘Boko
Haram’. Those warnings were reportedly ignored. In the state of Yobe, fighters
reportedly “used fact laden motorcycles
station. On 30 July, allegations were made that Usufu himself was killed
by Nigerian security forces after being taken into custody
In
January 201, the group struck again in theNigerianStateof Borno, killing
four people in Dela Alemderi ward inMaidugurimetropolis. OnSeptember 7, 201,
‘Boko Haram’ freed over 700 inmates from a prison in Bauchi state. In December
2010, ‘Boko Haram’ were blamed for a market bombing, following which 92 of its
members were arrested by police. OnFriday January 28, 2011, a gubernatorial
candidate was assassinated, along with his brother and four police officers. On
March 29, police “thwarted a plot to bomb an (ANPP) election rally”
inMaiduguri,BornoState(map). The threat was blamed on ‘Boko Haram’. On April 1
(the day before the original date ofNigeria’s legislative elections), suspected
‘Boko Haram’ members attacked a police station in Bauchi (map). On April9,
apolling center inMaiduguriwas bombed. On April 15, theMaidugurioffice of the
Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) was bombed, and several people
were shot in a separate incident on the same day. Authorities suspected ‘Boko
Haram’.
On April 20, ‘Boko Haram’ killed a
Muslim cleric and ambushed several police officers in Maiduguri. On April 22,
‘Boko Haram’ freed 14 prisoners during jailbreak in Yola, Adamawa state (map).
On Tuesday February 8, 2011‘Boko Haram’ gave conditions for peace . the
radicals demanded that the Borno State Governor, Senator Alimodu Sheriff, should step down
from office with immediate effect and also allow members to reclaim their
mosque in Maiduguri, the capital of Borno state. On 9th May 2011, ‘Boko Haram’
rejected an offer for amnesty made by the governor-elect ofBornoState, Kashim
Shetting, ‘Boko Haram’ was blamed for a series of bombings in northernNigeria
inMay 29, 2011, that left 15 dead.
On
June 17, 2011, the group claimed responsibility for a bombing attack on
the police force headquarters in Abuja that occurred the previous official
believed that the attack was the first suicide bombing in Nigeria’s was the
first it specifically targeted Police Inspector General Hafiz Ringim. OnJune
26, 2011, the set carried out a bombing
attack on a beer garden inMaiduguriaccording to officials on a witness.
Militants on motorcycles threw
explosives into the drinking spot, killing about 25 people. OnJune 27, 2011,
another bombing inMaiduguriattributed to the group killed at least two girls
and wounded three customs officials.
OnJuly 03, 2011, a bombing in a beer
garden inMaiduguriattributed to the group killed at least twenty people. OnJuly
11, 2011, theUniversityofMaiduguriclosed its institution down citing security
concerns.
Sharia inNigeria, militancy in
Nigeria, Niger Delta, Conflicts, Nigerian Sharia conflict, poverty inNigeria.
The group also claimed responsibility for simultaneous attacks on St. Patrick
Catholic Church, Gwange Police Station and Daldal way police station. ‘Boko Haram’
Islamic extremists that comprises of Nigerians and non-Nigerians. The groups ae
being sponsored by some politicians to distort the nations,Nigerianascent
democracy.
REFERENCES
Mohammed Yusuf (2002).
Introduction to Nigeria‘Boko Haram’. 1st
EditionMaiduguri.
Sam Egburonu (2011).
‘Boko Haram’ pushingNigeriato the Brink
(An overview, The
Nation)
Mark Dearn (2001).
‘Boko Haram’:Nigeria’s Terrorist insurgency
evolves.
Louis Charbouneau
(2010). Arms fromLibyacould reach ‘Boko
Haram’, alQaeda. U.N.
Charles Kumolu &
Emmanuel Elebeke (2011). How to stopNigeria.
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