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EFFECT OF
THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY
ABSTRACT
There has
been a rising concern on the security of the country. This project is focused
on studying the effect of Law enforcement agency in the Surulere Nigerian
police force. The study made use of both primary and secondary data. And the
research instrument used was the questionnaire administered to a sample size of
100 respondents. From the test result of hypothesis one, the study discovered
that inadequate training does significantly contribute to ineffective crime
control by the law enforcement agencies in Nigeria and hypothesis two shows
that the effort of the law enforcement agents in creating a safer Nigeria is
greatly hampered by unavailability of modern crime gadgets.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
The
relationship between police and citizens must be informed by the ethical and
professional principles that allow for the effectiveness of their function. One
of the challenges to community police units is to maintain peace and. When Law
is violated, crime has been committed. This study seeks to focus on the Law
Enforcement Agency (Nigeria Police Force) in crime control and prevention. The
law enforcement agency in the real sense of the term according to Iwarimie-Jaja
(1991:74), refers to criminal justice agency (federal, state or local) which
perform the principal functions of prevention, and the apprehension of alleged
offenders. By enforcement of the law Nigeria Police Force reflect the
ideological interest and priority desired by the controllers of the state as
observable in intractable competitions.
Throughout
the length and breadth of our nation Thompson (1986), posted that innocent
citizens are gripped with the fear of armed men, hoodlums, and vagabonds who perpetrate
their evil with reckless abandon.
Our society
has ever since been witnessing an unprecedented upsurge of criminal activities
ranging from conventional, victimless to white-collar crime, especially
“pen-robbery” which is now almost institutionalized. Any nation plagued with
this magnitude of social problem which people sign as they pass by make
comments like it’s too bad, will no doubt look for solutions. It is on this
basis that Nigeria Police Force has come to stay.
According to
Ogunleye (1976:250, duties of the police are defined in section 4 of the Police
Act as “the prevention and detection of crime, the apprehension of offenders,
the preservation of law and order, the regrettable, it is only the latter that
law easily punishes because of their vulnerability whereas the former is let go
with impunity.
Up till now
the public fails to acknowledge the fact that the role of the police in our
society is the defence of the right and property of the bourgeois,
consequently, the police has been singled out as escape goat for all the ill of
the society. It is from the context of the corrupt society we all belong that
allegation of inefficiency and corruption consequently levelled against the
Nigeria Police be viewed.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In Nigeria
today, the problem of Insecurity has risen to its highest level, corruption,
crime, communal disturbances as in the case of the recent Communal Killings of
Farmers by the Fulani Herdsmen, religious intolerance and the likes in Nigeria
is a cause for serious concern. What nation loses as a result of violation of
criminal law cannot be quantified. Not only is the economy dragged to the base
continually, the image of the nation will need a great quantity of detergent to
be laundered both home and abroad.
Therefore,
the important questions are: How do we rid crime out of our society? Could it
be controlled or prevented? What are its remote causes? The police have made
series of efforts aimed at controlling and preventing crime yet not much has
been achieved.
Many people
have lost their lives, property, money and even intangible things such as
reputation, joy, peace due to crime they committed or those of others. Could
the inability of the police to achieve a crime free society be attributed to
the socio-economic structure of our society, absence of sophisticated
equipments to combat crime, poor communication network, outright
bribery/corrupt practices among the police? Hence, these questions put low the
integrity of the police and places one in a valley of indecision as to whether
the Nigeria Police Force has the interest of the nation at heart.
The problems
of Surulere Nigerian police in exercising its duties are both logistical and
moral. Over the years in logistical terms, the force has maintained by the
federal government has not had enough equipment. The quantity and quality of
weapons, arms and ammunition available in most mobile squadron units in the
country are hardly enough. There are some instances where the force cannot
stand the counter firepower of armed bandits. In terms of human resources and
strength, the Surulere Nigerian police is yet to have the strength that can
adequately contain crime in country. Recruitment into the force has been
epileptic. Losses of personnel through natural death, active service,
retirement and disciplinary action have not been adequate replacement over the
years. With regard to the standard laid by the United Nations ratio of one
policeman to 400 citizens. Nigeria has not met the standard. The strength of
the force, by the time the then Inspector General of Police Mr Musliu Smith
assumed duty was under 120,000 (Nigeria Tribute 10th August, 2000). Okunola
(1995) estimated the ratio of the police man to about 641 Nigerians. Which is
not much improvement on ratio 1:980 as at 1979 (Danmadani, 1979).
The reward
and pay structure of the force is also not encouraging compared to what it
takes for one to lay down his/her life, the security is not available. The
benefits are not attractive as revealed by Mr. Iwendi Haz, police public
relation officer.
All these
among others constitute the major problems of the study.
The Criteria
for Measuring Successful Policing
(According To NOPRIN, 2004)
These
criteria are as follows:
• EFFECTIVENESS (e.g. fewer or reduced
criminal victimization; higher proportion of crimes known to the police cleared
by arrest; increased recovery of stolen property; higher rates of arrests which
result in conviction; lower traffic accident rates; faster response time to
reports/complaints).
• RESPONSIVENESS (e.g. higher citizen
perception of safety from crime; higher citizen ratings of police performance
in general; higher citizen ratings of specific police activities; higher
citizen ratings of specific aspects of police conduct such as honesty,
integrity, courtesy and fairness).
• EQUITY
(i.e. with reference to egalitarian distribution of "protection" to
all sections of the population).
• EFFICIENCY
(i.e. with reference to cost-and-benefit analysis of "protection"
output relative to monetary, human and material in-put). However, when the
above are translated into their ordinary meaning, the value and worth of a
police force can be determined by:
• The amount and quality of protection it
offers the citizens as a whole; and
• The degree
of confidence and cooperation it enjoys from the average citizen. Effective and
efficient policing in Nigeria: Inadequacies, problems & obstacles Judged by
the yardsticks outlined, it has long been clear to a majority of Nigerians that
the Nigeria Police Force falls short of optimum performance. There is abundant
official and research confirmation of this assertion, apart from information in
the daily newspapers, and there is no need to "prove" the non-optimum
performance of the Nigeria Police Force in the present contribution. Rather,
what is needed is the identification of the major inadequacies, problems and
obstacles that are responsible for the situation. And these may be grouped into
three categories: material inadequacies; human problems; and obstacles external
to the Force.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study
is aimed specially at: identifying the strategies Nigeria Police Force uses in
controlling and preventing crimes. The study will investigate to identify
problems the police encounter in combating crime. The study is very important,
predicted upon its emphasis on an understanding of the structure of our society
and criminal activities.
Hence, it will
serve as a guide for eliciting change in social police and practise, which is a
desideration. Hopefully therefore, the various aims of government, general
public and the police in particular will find the study useful. Other scholars
will equally benefit from the study as it adds to existing literature of
knowledge, advance measure in crime control and prevention to the betterment of
our society. In Clear terms, It is the objective of the study to examine the
following:
The role of
The Law Enforcement Agency(in this case the Police) in crime control and
prevention within the context of historical materialism.
The impact
of the historical circumstances of the country on crime causation, prevention
and control.
The
possibility of our attainment of a crime free society.
Establish
position relationship between the law enforcement agencies.
Establish
whether a significant relationship exist between the structure of Nigeria
Police Force and criminal activities.
The
possibility of cordial relationship between the police and the general public.
1.4 TEST OF HYPOTHESES
This is an
advocated guess or hunches as to the likely outcome of events in the problem
statement. The acceptance or rejection of the test of hypotheses helps to
re-enforce the strength of the research findings. The following hypotheses are
stated in directional form.
HYPOTHESIS
ONE
There is
significant relationship between the structure of the police force and the two
related functions of the police control and prevention of crime.
HYPOTHESIS
TWO
There is
significant relationship between sophisticated equipped police force and crime
combat.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
explains which aspects and what for the research hopes to add to or bridge
knowledge. It expresses in what areas study may make some contribution (Okeafor
1998).
Hitherto,
individual criminals have been criminals themselves. It has, till now, not been
adequately considered that the society itself is the sole incriminator.
Consequently, this study will be very relevant as it shifts from the individual
criminal and puts the society in correct.
Carefully,
the extent that policymakers and practitioners, legislators (civilian and
military), police, courts, and prisons accepts this shift from the individual
to the society to that extent too, shall the study and social policy and
practice.
The
usefulness of the research is predicted upon its emphasis on an understanding
of the entire structure of the society, which will concomitantly expose the
history, culture, institution, aspiration and our prevailing problems.
1.6 SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
The study
covers challenges as regards crime control in Nigeria with special reference to
the Nigeria Police Force whose statutory responsibility is law and order
maintenance. It takes critical look at the crime control operatives as well as
the agencies of crime control in Nigeria. It also put into consideration the
large number of unemployed youths and the challenges it posit. I will admit
there were challenges of Time, Finance, Materials and the Clandestine Nature of
Intelligence operation but frank effort was made to make all analysis presented
to be structured and provide fair solutions to crime control challenges by the
law enforcement agency in Nigeria.
1.7 RESEARCH
METHODS
Here
describes the methods adopted in carrying out the research for this study. The
Information obtained the techniques, document and the analytical tool used is
briefly explained below.
a. Study Area
The study
was conducted in Lagos State, South-west Nigeria. The state is the major center
for commercial activities in Nigeria, as a result, people from all works of
life, religion and ethnicity lives in Lagos State and as such a good hub for
perfect research for this nature of study.
b. Research Design
A research
Design is a Blue Print that allows a researcher to carry out a research
solution in the area of Who to Study,
What to Study, When to Study, How to study and how to generate the needed data
as it were. This is according to NACHMIAS (1982).
The research
method adopted is survey which allows for the use of structured questionnaire
to extract information from respondents.
1.8 DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
CRIMINAL
LAW: Involve status and norms, a violation of which subject the accused person
to government prosecution. Encompassing those wrongs considered to be so
serious as to threaten the welfare of the entire state.
CRIME: The
violation of existing criminal law.
PREVENTION:
The forestalling, foreseeing, anticipating and heading off crime and
delinquency.
CONTROL: The
containment, restraint and regulation of crime.
WHITE COLLAR
CRIME: Crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in
the course of his normal.
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