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GOVERNMENT
STRATEGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The freedom
from danger, care intimidation, apprehension, the feeling or assurance of
safety, peace of mind or absence of fear, and the certainty or assurance of the
good life or welfare – constitutes one of the fundamental objectives and indeed
the foremost responsibility of every government and the state. In Nigeria, the
constitution unequivocally spelt out as a fundamental objective and directive
principle of state policy that “the security and welfare of the people (of
Nigeria) shall be the primary purpose of government” (Section 14 (2) (b)
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999). Nigeria in recent times
has witnessed an unprecedented level of insecurity. No wonder national security
has become an issue for government, prompting huge allocation of the national
budget to security. According to Azazi (2011), in order to check the crime rate
in Nigeria, the federal government has embarked on criminalization of terrorism
by passing the anti-terrorism Act in 2011, installation of computer-based Closed
Circuit Television cameras (CCTV) in some parts of the country, enhancement of
surveillance as well as investigation of criminal related offences, heightening
of physical security measures around the country aimed at determining or
disrupting potential attacks, strengthening of security agencies through the
provision of security facilities and the development and broadcast of security
tips in mass media. Despite these efforts, the level of insecurity in Nigeria
is still high and the country has been consistently ranked low in the Global
Peace Index (GPI, 2012), signifying poor state of insecurity in the country as
indicated.
The term
security has been used to mean protection against or safety from a future risk
of severe deprivation, injury or death and requires rules, order and impartial
adjudication and application. Security according to Achumba, Ighomereho &
Akpo-Robaro (2013) refers to a situation that exists as a result of the
establishment of measure for the protecting of persons, information and
property against hostile persons, influences and actions. It is the existence
of conditions within which people in a society can go about their normal daily
activities without any threat to their lives or properties. It embraces all
measures designed to protect and safeguard the citizenry and the resources of
individuals, groups, businesses and the nation against sabotage or violent
occurrence (Achumbo et al, 2013). Security is the protection against all forms
of harm whether physical, economic or psychological. It is however argued that
security may not be absence of threats or security issues but the ability to
rise to the challenges posed by threats with expediency and expertise. Security
cannot therefore exist without provision for national security. Aggressive and
repressive states can be major sources of human insecurity and a greater source
of human suffering.
National
security is concerned about those governmental institutions that seek to ensure
the physical protection and safety of their citizens, their equal access to the
law and protection of from abuse. There are two sets of government systems and
institutions concerned with national security. The first component consists of
the traditional instruments of national security, namely: the criminal justice
system (police, justice and correctional services/prisons) the military and the
intelligence community. The second and more important, relates to the nature of
governance, its institutions and rules, norms and values that underpin it – as
well as the efficacy thereof (Thamos, 2008).
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Fulani
herdsmen attack and farmers clashes has brought a lot of problems to our
society including Nigeria. These include death, tears, destruction and so on.
The way it is it seems our government has not acted significantly to put this
security challenges to an end. Ese Otite of Nigerian National News asked “is
the government waiting for all her citizens to fizzle out, before they can take
a decisive step to curb the activities of this extremist group? What are the
security agencies doing? Or do we say maybe those in power have not been
affected either because they and their families move about with convoys filled
with security personnel?”
Nigeria is
going down a path never seen in her history. It’s a pretty dangerous path, one
that the whole world is watching. People are afraid of their safety. At a time,
we taught our problem was corruption and power failure, but now security has
taken over. With what is happening the President should come out strong and
call the shots, he has to face the security challenges. It is very clear that
not enough is being done to address their security menaces of the Fulani
herdsmen. All they now do is to promote
their own religion instead of protecting Nigeria. This government should as a
matter of national urgency overhaul our security system. Nigeria occupies an
enviable position in the world with abundant natural and human resources. The
government should look deeper in order to find a lasting solution to this
carnage. Moreover, the truth must be told, we lack the sophisticated weapons to
suppress the crisis in the custody of the extremists/criminals. Also, there is
inadequate manpower; the number of the extremists/criminals is insignificant.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main
objective of this study is to ascertain the level of government Strategies and
the management of security challenges in Nigeria: a case study of Fulani
Herdsmen. While the specific objectives were:
1. To examine the effect of adoption of close
circuit television on the management of security challenges in Nigeria
2. To examine the effect of community security
watch on the management of security challenges in Nigeria
3. To examine the effect of surveillance on
the management of security challenges in Nigeria
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
following research questions will be answered:
1. What is the effect of adoption of close
circuit television on the management of security challenges in Nigeria?
2. What is the effect of community security
watch on the management of security challenges in Nigeria?
3. What is the effect of surveillance on the
management of security challenges in Nigeria?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The
following research hypotheses will be tested:
1. There is no significant effect of adoption
of close circuit television on the management of security challenges in Nigeria
2. There is no significant effect of community
security watch on the management of security challenges in Nigeria
3. There is no significant the effect of
surveillance on the management of security challenges in Nigeria
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
is expected to be of immense help to the government, security personnel and
Nigerian Security Council as well as policy makers. It may also be of help to
improve upon security management in our society in Akwa Ibom State. The result
of this study is expected to provide data for planning, as well as provide
additional stock of security data for other researchers, who might find it
relevant and useful in their enquiries.
The study
will fill the gap of knowledge of what has not been done by the past
researchers who conducted almost similar study with regard to security
management. The researcher will offer solutions to some practical or
theoretical problems. This work also will be of benefit to the tertiary
institution students, Ministry of Education and teachers, Parents and
Guardians.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study
was delimited to government Strategies and the management of security
challenges in Nigeria a case study of Fulani Herdsmen. However, the study used
Itu Local government as a study area.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Difficulty
in gathering materials especially relevant to the study was a challenge since
the study is not common. This caused scarcity of relevant research materials
from local papers. Hence, the researcher had to rely greatly on the foreign
materials in order to put up this work.
Another
challenge faced by the researcher was lack of fund and limited time for the
undertaking and submission of this work.
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