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EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE ON
NIGERIA YOUTHS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
Drugs are commonly used
by everybody whether young or old. Drugs are not only useful for human beings;
they are also useful for animals for good health. Human beings give drugs to
their animals when they discovered that they are not healthy. Drug is an effective
substance in the life of any living thing to cure sickness and to make life
healthy. It is true that drugs are used for beneficent therapeutic purposes,
effective substance for good health, but they are being abused by people
especially youths. They use it illegally and unlawfully, thus it becomes
harmful to the body.
Drug abuse is the Use
of drugs for purposes other than medical reasons, thus affecting the individual
in a negative way socially, cognitively or physically Kuria (1996). Social effects
may be reflected in an individual’s enhanced tendency to engage in conflicts
with friends, teachers, and school authorities. Cognitive effects relate to the
individual’s lack of concentration on academic work and memory loss. While
Lewinsohn (2007) defines a drug as any product other than food or water that
affects the way people feel, think, see, and behave. It is a substance that due
to its chemical nature affects physical, mental and emotional functioning. It
can enter the body through chewing, inhaling, smoking, drinking, rubbing on the
skin or injection.
Drug abuse amongst the
global youth population has become a serious problem affecting everyone.
Addiction leads many people, young people prominent amongst them, into downward
spiral of hopelessness that in some cases ends fatal. They range from glue-
sniffing street children and teenage ecstasy users, to hard core heroin and
cocaine addicts (Nacada, 2005). Drug abuse is responsible for lost wages,
destruction of property in schools, soaring health care costs and broken
families. It is a problem which affects us all as parents, children, teachers,
government officials, taxpayers and workers.
The African seminar on
problems of drug dependence held in Lagos, Nigeria declared that “Drug abuse
and dependence producing substances are widely prevalent in African countries
have continue to increase. These problems affect the individual, the family and
the society in general. Substance abuse, which was originally conceived as the
problem of a selected few is today becoming a problem of a sizeable proportion
of the world population. The problem is so grave that it has extended beyond
the usual characteristic profile of abusers being male, adult, and urban-based
to now include females, youngsters and those who live in rural areas. Its
economic effect is so devastating that it is estimated that the annual retail
cost of psychotropic substances by prescription is over two billion naira while
the alcoholic industry which produces over five billion gallons of alcoholic
beverages annually generate more than four billion naira from sales to a
consumer population of about 30-35 million people (Folawiyo, 2008). Illicit
Drug traffic known to generate huge profit and fortune and that is one reason
why it has been very difficult to combat the drug traffic in spite of several
laws that have been promulgated. For instance, it has been estimated that the
sum of $400 billion is the turn over of illicit drug industry, which is
equivalent of approximately 8% of total international trade and therefore
larger than the trade in iron steel, motor vehicle, textile, tourism
(Innerarity, 1999) Drug abuse and other associated problems constitute a major
threat to the survival and effective functioning of human societies, lives are
lost daily through addiction and activities of addicts. A significant number of
deaths from accidents and violent crimes have been traced to the activities of
persons under the influence of drugs (Falope, 1991). Treatment facilities
nation wide are now gradually being over burden with drug-related problems and
cases (Odejide, A.O., Ohaeri, J.U., Ogunleye, D.A., Ajuwon, A and Ige A. 1990).
The need to prevent drug abuse among the Nigerian youths which are the growing
generation of Nigeria thus becomes imperative.
The use of drugs by the
old and young is growing on a daily bases in Nigeria. Drugs could mean those
vital substances in the life of all living organism to prevent ailment, relief
pain and to promote a healthy life.
But these drugs that
are meant to save lives are usually turning around to destroy them because of
abuse. This is usually found among youths. The use of these drugs illegally and
unlawfully has its consequences. Drug abuse has brought so much shame on the
face of families, societies and Nigeria as a whole.
According to the
statistical data made available by the world heath organisation (WHO, drugs
such as alcohol, tobacco and cocaine is the root cause of road accident which
have claimed lives and the high rate of sickness suffered by our societies
today. The issue of drug abuse has now become the main topic of discussion in
our societies today. Drug abuse does not only destroy the affected person or
individual but also have a negative effect on those that are connected to the
individual (relatives, friends etc.). According to Barry 1984 he stated that in
a country, drug abuse and alcohol has significant effect on serious crimes and
also contributes hugely to fatalities.
According to Boris
(1974) stated that drug abuse plays a significant role in everyday
interpersonal affaires although there is no data shown, but many youths in
Nigeria are also user of drugs, however, there are many other users of such
drug that is beyond moderate level to them, drug abuse constitute a vey solving
problem and this condition appears to be based on an underlined psychological
abnormality. Drug abuse seriously affect the individuals health and social
function, it also hurt the users family, friends and colleagues and society as
whole. It is to this regard that the researcher wishes to take surulere local
government area of Lagos state as the case study of the research work.
1.2 STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM
This study is
instigated by the increasing use and abuse of drug among youths in Nigeria.
Drug abuse and it effects on the youths are relevant to the present trend of
event, which was noticed to be increasingly growing as observed. Drug abuse has
been found to bring different kinds of hazards to both the individual and the
country as a result of an increased intake.
In Surulere local
government area, the predominant dwellers indulge in drug consumption as a
social cultural whereby drug sellers sell the products to youths. Also in
youthful birthday parties, drugs are being distributed as a type of refreshment
to guests. The younger ones grow up to become drug abuser, thereby seeming no
harm whatsoever in use of drug intake. Youth and adolescent of this community
also pick up this habit through observing others abusing drug. In other words,
these people are typically family members, parent, friends and neighbours
around them. On the health effect, Barry (1996) state that damage to the ovum
or sperm before conception can lead to abnormalities in the child. He further
says that if the foetus is exposed to alcohol in the mothers blood in the early
weeks, it may be born with foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Some studies suggest
that marijuana produces change in the users chromosome and as with nicotine and
alcohol may damage sperm, reducing fertility and affecting the developing
foetus. A defective ovum which is fertilized is likely to produce an early
miscarriage. chronic cannabises use causes decreased level of male hormone
testestone, testicular, degeneration and arrested or abnormal sperm production
(Barry, 1996).
It is in consideration
of the above that the researcher is concerned with survey of effect of drug
abuse on the youths in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Based on the above
stated problems the study came up with the following objectives. The specific
objectives of the research work are stated as follows:
i. To examine the major effect of
drug abuse on the youths
ii. To discover the extent drug abuse
has influenced the youths in Nigeria.
iii. To find out the control measures put
in place to check drug abuse among youths in Nigeria
iv. To investigate the physical or health
consequences of drug abuse on the society today
v. To examine the effectiveness of the
government in fight against drug abuse among youths
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
In order to achieve the
above objectives the study came up with the following research questions. The
research questions are stated as follows:
i. What are the major effects of drug
abuse on the youths?
ii. To what extent has drug abuse
influenced the youths in Nigeria?
iii. What control measures have been put
in place to check drug abuse among youths in Nigeria
iv. How effective are the government
responding to fight against drug abuse among youths?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1. H0: Drug abuse has not significantly
affected Nigerian Youths
H1: Drug abuse has
significantly affected Nigerian Youths
ii. H0: No good control measures have been
put in place to check drug abuse among youths in Nigeria
H1: Good control
measures have been put in place to check drug abuse among youths in Nigeria
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF
STUDY
The study will be of
immense benefit to the youths, the state government and the federal government
of Nigeria in addressing the issue related to problem of drug abuse on the
family, youth and general society
The study would also
contribute to the knowledge Lauina (theory) discovered in existing relevant
literature in the field thereby enabling government and non-governmental
organization to find a possible solution to drug abuse.
In other words, it will
provide scholarly information for further studies. More importantly the study
will come up with a suggested program, that when put into consideration the
problem of drug abuse affecting the family would be brought to the barest
minimum
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study the effect of
drug abuse on Nigeria youths will cover the whole of surulere local government,
Lagos state.
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINST:
financial constraints tend to impede the speed of the research in moving round
the to gather resources. But the researcher was able to get meaningful
information concerning the research topic.
TIME CONSTRAINTS: the
research being a student will be involved in other departmental activities like
submission of assignments, presentation of seminars and attendance to lecture
will limit the time to arrive at the completion of the research work but
however the researcher was able to meet up with the time allocated for the
completion of the research work.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The importance of
definition of terms in any academic work cannot be over emphasized. It is
therefore necessary to define some terms in this work.
Youth: Summer (2003:1920),
defines youth as “the period of time when someone is young especially the
period when someone is a teenager”. From Hornby (2000:1389), “youth is the time
of life when a person is young, especially the time before a child becomes an
adult”.
Drug: Hornby
(2000:359), (1) “an illegal substance that some people smoke, inject, etc. to
give them pleasant or exciting feelings”. (2) “a substance used as a medicine
or used in a medicine”. Onah (1982:2) defines drug as “any chemical substance
that has an effect upon the body or mind, by modifying one or more of the
terms”.
Abuse: “It is the use
of something in a way that is wrong or harmful” (Hornby, 2000:5) Drug Abuse:
Onah (1982:2), Sees it as “It is an excessive or inappropriate use of a drug by
a person; such use being considered or judged to be illegal (immoral) by the
culture and also resulting in harm to the person or society”. From Aka and
Akunyili (2003:60), drug abuse refers to drug use mainly by self-medication in
a manner that deviates from approved medical or social patterns”.
Alcohol: Hornby
(2000:26), “Drinks such as beer, wine, etc that can make people drunk or that
colourless liquid that is found in drinks such as beer, wine etc and is used in
medicines, cleaning product, etc”.
Alcoholism: Royce
(1989:10), “The use of alcohol that results or interferes with personal life
including school, job, family, friends, health, food, the law or spiritual
life”.
REFERENCES
Abel, E. L. (1980).
Marihuana, The First Twelve Thousand Years. New York: Plenum Press. Abiodun, O.
A; Adeleke, M. L, Ogunremi, O. O, Oni, G. A. and Obayan, A. O. (1994). Pattern
of Substance Use Amongst Secondary Students in Ilorin, Northern Nigeria. West
African Journal of Medicine, Bright Publishers, Ibadan Vol. 13, Pp. 91-97. Achebe,
C. (1983). The Trouble With Nigeria. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co.
Ltd. Ackerman, R. (1983). Children of Alcoholism. London: Calif Learning
Publications. Adelekan, M. L. and Adeniran, R. A. (1991). “Rehabilitation and
Follow-up Issues in Drug Abusers Managed at the Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital,
Abeokuta, Nigeria”. West African Journal of Medicine. The Kings Publishers,
Ibadan: Pp. 334-380. Afe, J.O. (1992). Youth And Drug Abuse, Causes, Problems
And Remedies. A Paper Presented At the 8th National Conference of the Nigeria
Association of Educational Psychologist (NAEP) 29th April-2nd May Owem.
Ekwunife, A. N. O. (2000). Cultism and The Youths in Nigerian
Tertiary Institution (Reflection on Wider Uses). Nsukka: Afro-Orbis Publishers.
Enebe, O. (Personal Communication 15th June, 2009
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