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PROMOTING NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH PREVENTION OF DRUG
ABUSE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Drug abuse has taken a toll on development of the society;
this is because the youths, who are the leaders of tomorrow, are the major
targets of the abuse of drugs. Drugs abuse give rise to dependence both
physical and psychological. Dependence gives rise to mental, emotional,
biological or physical, social and economic instability. The effects of drug
abuse on an individual therefore form the basis for its cumulative effects on
the society. The impact of drug abuse among Nigerian youths has been a sigma of
a morally bankrupt.
The various consequences of the drug abuse or drug addictions
are so devastating and very shameful to the image and to the detriment of the
national
development, to the
extend that both the national and international
organizations all over the world are also worried about the spread of this
scourge among Nigeria youths, These consequences include: Social violence among
youths, armed robbery, mental disorder, 419, syndrome, social miscreants (area
boys and girls), lawlessness, lack of respect for elders, rape, many more of
the social evils (Emmanuel 2014).
Drugs have been introduced in several ways by the society;
through the homes, peers, schools, even the church and majorly by the mass
media. The mass media go beyond the everyday broadcast and also transcends to
the transmission via movies and music. Given the paramount position of the
entertainment industry as against that of academic pursuit, thereby the youths
are more exposed to the danger of drug abuse.
Drug abuse while it emits hard drugs, also means the taking
of drugs without prescription. This study therefore reflects societal troubles
as drugs, in its different forms, is slowing down our search for development.
Youths are dropping out of school, they are in mental institutions, they are in
rehabilitation centres, all boils down to the fact that the mass media is “trying” to perform one of
its roles of entertaining. The mass
media is the watchdog of the society. The public relies on the media for
information, for education and for entertainment. Given the power of the media
in determining what the public thinks about, given the power the media has in
framing media content in a particular way, given the audience role as absorbers
of media content, amongst others, it is not a surprise that the media has a
large part to play in the promotion of drug abuse and alcoholism.
For instance, many celebrities who are idolized by teenagers
speak out against cocaine and marijuana, but many equally famous stars admit to
using the same drugs. In television and other videos, the use of drugs, tobacco
and alcohol is common and more often than not, the lead performer is the
individual doing the drinking and smoking. Another example can be found in the
movies, where some characters are presented as drug users or alcoholics and
adolescents are severely exposed to media content as it has become an
irresistible to „check out what‟s trendy‟ in the media.
According to the research done by Odhiambo (2012), the study
identified that through the media adolescent are brainwashed by the huge
advertising industry from early years of childhood. Also, an increasing number
of cigarette adverts is designed to apple to teenagers. On this note, Bark
(2007) revealed that over 90% of teenagers are aware of the adverts and most
say the adverts influence their behaviour.
Despite limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of
the mass media in preventing use of illicit drugs, practitioners can take heart (and guidance) from the much
large body of research literature
dealing with the impact of media –based
interventions on health – related behaviors in general (parlor, 1993)
and on the use of licit substances, such as cigarettes. Based on the empirical
literature, as noted earlier provides ample evidence that well-planned media
campaigns can influence a wide variety of health- related attitudes, norms, and
behaviors.
Ample evidence exists of successful campaigns that used these
guiding frameworks as social learning theory, diffusion of innovations, the
theory of reasoned action, the health belief model, the elaboration likelihood
model, and protection motivation theory. Other theoretical perspectives, such
as peer cluster theory, can be drawn from school- or community- based
prevention efforts. While principles from a number of these theories have been
applied, at least implicitly, in drug abuse prevention media campaigns, there
has been no systematic evolution of their relative (or combined) efficacy in
such interventions. Still, their success in other health contexts strongly
suggests that they can be applied effectively to drug abuse prevention.
Discussion on the role of mass media in drug abuse prevention
must reflect, to some extent, the history of drug education in general. Early
approaches to drug education were based on moral objections to use of drugs or
alcohol and advocated temperance. The belief that education can solve social
problems has been longstanding despite a lack of supportive evidence. This
belief is based on the assumptions that social problems are caused by the
maladaptive behaviour of individuals, and that such behaviour can be influenced
by education. Mass communication holds substantial promise as a tool for
reaching and persuading people to adopt new and healthier lifestyles. This has
long been recognized by those interested in prevention of drug abuse and in
other unhealthy behavoiurs.
A second phase in the history of drug education involved the
use of fear approaches. If people could not be exhorted to avoid recreational
drugs, perhaps they could be made afraid to do so. Again, it is known that such
approaches did not work. In fact, the use of fear does not appear to lead to
appropriate behaviour change, unless specific actions are recommended that will
overcome or reduce the fear that is aroused.
Subsequently, drug educators came to believe that an appropriate message
was one that emphasized the objective facts about the physical properties of
drugs, and the consequences (usually long-term health consequences) of using
them. These programs did not work well either.
In fact, sometimes they even led to “boomerang” effects,
possibly because the information provided served only to increase adolescents‟
curiosity about the substances described, or possibly because adolescents may
have, as a result of the viewing environment, become aware of perceived group
norms,
and shifted attitudes accordingly. In recent years, there has
been increasing recognition that the primary influences on adolescent drug use
are social, particularly peer and family influences. Recent prevention programs
that make students aware of social influences and provide them with the social
skills with which to resist or cope with such influences have been more
successful.
1.1
Statement of the problem
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This
work gives further explanations and analysis in promoting national development
through prevention of drug abuse among secondary school students
1.2
Objectives of the study
1. To understand the impact of drug
abuse on national development
2. To understand the relationship
between students’ orientation levels on dangers and prevention of drug abuse
and the development of the nation
1.3
Research questions
1. What is the impact of drug abuse on
national development
2
What
is the relationship between students’ orientation levels on dangers and
prevention of drug abuse and the development of the nation
1.5
Research hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between
students’ orientation levels on dangers and prevention of drug abuse and the
development of the nation
H1: There is a relationship between
students’ orientation levels on dangers and prevention of drug abuse and the
development of the nation
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