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A SURVEY ON THE
AFTERCARE SERVICE AND REINTEGRATION OF EX-CONVICTS IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the
Study
Laws are made in every society to regulate the behaviour of
people and to ensure that individual live according to expectation of the
society. However, crimes are committed in the society daily. Once convicted,
criminals are imprisoned. The Nigeria prisons service is charged with the
responsibility to keep convicts. It keeps custody, reform, rehabilitate and
reintegrate offenders. The extent to which they have been able to achieve these
objectives is the focus of this research.
Successful re-integration starts within the prison itself.
During the period of incarceration, social reintegration programmes should be
designed to fully meet prisoners educational, technical, vocational, cultural
and health needs while being delivered in a setting which respects dignity and
human rights. The prison should therefore be used as an effective tool to equip
offenders with the necessary social and educational resources which can help
them desist from crime when they are released.
According to Travis (2005) social reintegration is affected
by how successfully programmes which were started in prison can be accessed,
continued, practiced or completed in the community. He further stressed that
there exists a wide range of treatment and reformation programs to prison
offenders, like anger and aggression control program, anti-criminal thinking
programes, job-rendiness training, sex offender program, drugs offender
therapy. There are also myriads of industrial programs in which offenders can
work while they are in prison, to provide service while gaining some of the
skills they will need for re-integration into society.
All the aforementioned laudable programmes are rarely applied
because most prison inmates return home years later in worse shape than when
they committed the crimes that resulted in their imprisonment. Majority of the
inmates leave prison and return to society largely uneducated, unskills with
severe social and medical problems, often without family support and with the
stigma of a prison record hanging over them. Many experience serious
socio-psychological problems after release. As ex-convicts are periodically
released into the society, their systemic marginalization threaten the very
society their imprisonment was meant to protect. The question is what toll does
this constant release of prison inmates who have duly served their term exact
on a community. What do these trends
portend for public softy?
Aftercare services has the overall intents through effective
correctional administration to reduce the high level of criminality among
Nigeria lessening of prejudice against ex-prisoners in aid of their successful
resettlements, to reduce the rate of
recidivism, promote entrepreneurship of ex-prisoners and the reduction of unemployment
in Nigeria society. The question is, how successful has aftercare been, in its
goals and objective? Another question is, what are the challenges faced by
aftercare services in the reintegration of ex-prisoners?
This research examines the realities of prisoners
reintegration and proffering specific solutions to prepare inmates for release,
reduce recidivism, and restore them to full citizenship, while never losing
sight of the demand of public safety. The study will also examine the obstacle
of reintegrating ex-convicts in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the
Problem
Offenders released from confinement encounter a myriad of
challenges with respect of securing employment. These include personal factor
such as how self-esteem, low motivation, skill deficit, lack of training,
poor academic standard, substance abuse,
social factors such as negative peer influence, and absence of family support
and poor employment record. These is no gainsaying that obtaining legal
employment is one of the best predictions of the post-release success of ex-prisoners. They
receive little pre-release support in securing accommodation and are often
unable to find suitable living arrangements. Social isolation is a core
experience of may ex-prisoners who may end up homeless or with unsuitable
housing.
Drug dependent offenders are caught in a vicious circle
unless the treatment they receive in prison for their addiction is maintained
on their return to the community, the chances are that they will relapse and
begin attending again to support their drug use; according to Burows et al,
(2001) “failure for ex-prisoners to access appropriate support services in the
community can result in offenders returning to prison time and time again as
the cycle of offending is perpetuated”.
Given the fact that may convicted persons do lose their
fundamental right, they are likely to maintain criminal in the real sense by
recidivism many released prisoners find
it difficult to design life a new, once they know that they have lost certain
rights of their own. It is debilitating effect of civil disabilities on the
ex-convict the inhibits him or her from
participating actively in community life
programmes for his or her wellbeing and for the well-being of the entire
community or nation.
Prison inmates are
expected to the adaptive process of prisonisation which usually affects
the prisoners in their transition as they return to the free world.
Research has shown that prolonged incarceration and poor
prison condition certainly has psychological impact on the prisoners and has
dire implication for post-prison free world adjustment. Life in the prison is
depriving. The pains of imprisonment can serve to impede post prison
adjustment. This study set out to investigate the reasons for the failure of
post-integration of ex-convict in Nigeria.
1.3 Purpose of the
study
The purpose of the study is to examine the aftercare service
and reintegration of ex-convicts in Nigeria, with particular reference to Nigeria
specifically the objectives of the study are:
To examine the
obstacles to reintegrate ex-convicted in Nigeria.
To ascertain the
state of re-information of and rehabilitation programmes in Nigeria prisons
services in Nigeria.
iii. To ascertain
the efficacy of the aftercare service in Nigeria.
1.4 Research
Questions
What are the
obstacles to the reintegration of ex-convicts in Nigeria?
What is the state
of reformation/reintegration programmes in Nigeria Prison Service in Nigeria?
iii. How effective
are the Aftercare services in Nigeria?
1.5 Research
Hypotheses
There is no
relationship between the quality of reintegrate programmes in the prison and
successful reintegration into society after discharge.
There is no
relationship between the condition of prisons and successful reintegration into
society after discharge.
1.6 Significance of
the Study
The findings of this study will help other researchers to carry
out a qualitative and comprehensive analysis of aftercare service in other
states of the federation. The result of the study will help to further educate
the academic community on Nigerian prisons service strategic roles and
challenges. It will give prisoners an insight of what they will face on being
released as such they could be motivated to engage in occupation and vocational
training in order to make the self-reliant on discharge. It will make
government to take steps in putting up a legal framework for comprehensive
reform of the Nigeria prison system. The study will further assist the
government to formulate crime control policy. The present policy of the
government if to get criminal out of circulation by imprisonment. Less
attention is paid to what happens when the convicted prisoner is released back
into the society.
1.7 Scope and
Limitation of the Study
The study is delimited to the aftercare unit of prison in
Uyo, Eket, Ikot Ekpene, Abak and Ikot Abasi Ex-prisoners, Non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) employers of labour and community leaders in Nigeria were
involved in the study. This study is limited to Nigeria. They reason for
choosing Nigeria includes its-proximity to the researcher, and the familiarity
of the researcher with the area which facilitated the collection of data.
1.8 Definition of Key
Concepts
Aftercare Service:
This is a scheme intended by the Nigerian prison services for the
treatment and rehabilitation of discharged prisoners. The scheme is aimed at
facilitating the re-integration of ex-convicts into the society through
collaboration with NGOs, Employers of labour, community leaders etc.
Crime: This is a violation of societal rules as interpreted
and expressed by a criminal legal code of a particular society and are subject
to sanctions by state authority.
Punishment: It is the legal imposition of a penalty as
ret4ribution for an offence.
Ex-convict: It refers to a person who has been released from
prison after serving his sentence. In this study, the term “ex-convict”,
“expresoner” and “ex-offender” will be
used interchangeably
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