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QUALITY
CONTROL AND STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOL
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The
importance of quality education in nation building can the important of quality
education in nation building can not be over emphasized. There have been
several calls on the educational managers on how to make the educational system
to be more vibrant in the quality of its products after several quality of mass
failure and half braked products from our various educational institutions in
the country. These over the years have generated a lot of debate and argument
among Nigerians on the Newspapers, Radio and Television programmed, including
Parent's Religious Bodies and Non-governmental Organizations'. They often
expressed their concern about the manner in which the system is loosing its
confidence as regards to the effective and efficient nature of the system.
Hence, there is the urgent need for effective quality control measures.
Quality
control is a comprehensive practice that aims to promote the performance of
organizations through the cultivation of sound quality culture. It is also the
development of a set of values and convictions that make every employee aware
of the fact that quality is the main goal of his organization. Quality control
is a procedure or a set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured
product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or
meets the requirements of the client or customer. Quality control is similar
to, but not identical with quality assurance. Quality Assurance is defined as a
procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a product or service
under development (before work is complete, as opposed to afterwards) meets
specified requirements. Quality Assurance is sometimes expressed together with
Quality Control as a single expression like quality assurance and control (QA/ QC).
With regards
to education, the international institute for educational planning (LLEP) views
quality from different perspective. The first is from the internal criteria of
the system such as profile expiration and the external criteria which are the
fitness and relevance of such on education to its environment. Arikewyo (2004)
views quality in education to be judged by both its ability to enable the
students performs well in standard examinations and relevance to the needs of
the students, community and the society as a whole. He finally concluded that
quality severs as determination of gradations based on standard of excellence
beneath which a mark of inferiority is imposed or adduced and above which
grades of superiority are defined. However, quality assurance is related to
quality control, but it functions in a rather proactive manner in the sense
that quality control serves as series of operational techniques and activities
used to fulfill that requirement are met. While quality assurance goes beyond that,
because it extends the focus from outcomes or outputs to the process which
produces them.
Quality
control is a central feature of organizational performance. It is an essential
part of management activities of people and directing their efforts towards the
objectives of the organization. There must be an appropriate from of behavior
to enhance performance. Akinboye ( 2005 ) defines quality control as inducing
followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and the
motivations, the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations of both
leaders and followers.
The school Administrator is an implementor,
facilitator and evaluator of education programmes. He is a synergist, teacher
of teachers, an organizational designer, a political statesman and an
accountability monitor. He must be aware of interpretations of equal
opportunity, programme design, trends in curricular and personnel
administration and of local community moves. In this view, the school
Administrator is less a Bureaucrat and move of a leader and facilitator. He is
expected to understand individuals and groups and to utilize their individual
talents rather than just manage an organization with fixed positions to be
filled by replaceable, standardized parts. This type of administrator needs
more than training in scheduling classes, disciplining students, increasing
efficiency and managing an organization. He needs professional assistance in
identifying and interpreting differences and likeness among individuals and
groups. Further, he needs to control and organize collective efforts toward
positive ends so as to ensure quality in the system.
The concern for quality has been at the
core of the motivating forces for reforms in education. Ajayi and Adegbesan
(2007) see quality as the total of the features of a process, product or
service on its performance, in 'customers' or 'clients' perception of the
performance. It is not just a feature of a finished product or services but
involves a focus on internal processes and outputs and includes the reduction
of wasted and the improvement or productivity. Taking a cue from the above
definition, Fadokun (2005) characterized quality by three interrelated and
interdependent strands; (i) Efficiency in the meeting of its goals, (ii) relevance
to human and environmental conditions and needs, (iii) something more that is
the exploration of new ideas, the pursuit of excellence and encouragement of
creativity.
According to Ijaiya (2006), the worth of
any educational system as an investment lies in its capability to continuously
serve its customers (students, parents, employers or labour, the society)
better and remain relevant. Educational planners are therefore faced with two
main challenges: providing for quantity and for quality. The school
administrator or head teacher's role is to promote academic performance. He or
she is the pivot around which many aspects of the school revolve. The success
of what is done in the school is attributed to the quality of control of the
head teacher. He or she is the person in charge of every detail of running the
school be it academic and administrative. It is important that the performance
of a school is appraised against the performance of the person who leads it.
Both the government and parents expect
teachers to perform better at their present levels of training. One of the core
functions of schools to take human raw materials (that is, students) and
converts them to valuable adults. It is therefore of paramount importance to
manage teachers properly, the absence of which will lead to low productivity on
the part of the teachers (republic of Kenya, 1988). School administrators are
schools' executives who are charged with this daunting task of managing
teachers among other school resources. For this reason, Ayot and Briggs (1992)
are of the view that input-output studies should be done using learning
achieved as seen from student's performance. The impact of school management is
an essential element in such studies. The quality of control makes the
difference between the success and failure of a school.
In the contemporary world, improvement in
students' achievement is recognized as the foremost objective of school reforms
and restricting efforts. With this objective in mind, many different reform
packages are being implemented while key focus of the reforms is more or less
the same. The legislation: every child counts' signed into law in 2008 in
Nigeria is one of the prominent and visible actions taken by government towards
achieving this goal. In the meantime, many scholars have acknowledged that the
quality of control of school is one of the most significant in enhancing school
performance and students' achievement. (Fisher and Frey 2002, Mulford 2003,
Dinham 2004, Janerette and Sheretz 2007, Gamage 2009).
In the past 10 years, quality control has
no significant influence on educational process (learning/ teaching).due to the
relaxing or completely removing quality control, this has resulted to fall in
educational standard. The effect of supervision and inspection on the academic
development, improvement and performance cannot be over emphasized. Even
though, Nigeria educational system is alleged to be examination. Oriented
student academic performances as reflected in various senior school certificate
examination results do not seem to justify the quality control being adopted
into the system. This research work is to explore the literature to examine
whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain this claim. The results of the
senior school certificate examination will be the basis of evaluation.
1.2Statement
of the problem and research question
Quality
control is a retroactive action used to determine the quality of a system after
processing and during which wastages would have occurred and what if left is to
reject and/ or battle with rectification. It is however, better, more rewarding
and less costly to take steps to prevent failure and wastage before they happen
hence, the need for quality assurance which is preventive rather than
corrective. This research work is set out to look into the relationship between
quality control in education and students' academic performance in Ojo Local
Government secondary schools. In doing this, the researcher addressed the
following questions:
(a) Is there any relationship between
teacher quality control on student academic performance.
(b) Is there any relationship between
principal leadership behaviour and student academic performance.
(c) Would there be any relationship
between student academic performance in internal examination and student
academic performance in external examination.
(d) What is the relationship between head
teachers as supervisors and principal as supervisors on student academic
performance.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The most
cases students' academic performance is a kind of measure for weighing the
standard of education. Although it has been asserted that there has been a fall
in general level of education (Fisher and Grey 2002), the measure of
supervising the performance of learning is very vital, not to learning
situation alone, but also to the improvement of its effectiveness and
efficiency in education activity in general.
The broad
purpose of this study, however, is to investigate the effort of quality control
on teachers' effectiveness and students' academic performance in Ojo Local
Government Secondary Schools.
1.4 Significance of the study
In this
study, is assumed that with proper quality control, school administrators,
teachers will bring about positive effect on the ability of students involved.
The result of the findings of this work is hoped to be useful in different
people in the society who are interested in the academic performance of
students of secondary schools.
In addition,
it serves as means of improving the academic performance of the school though
effective quality supervision. Also, the study will serve as a drive to gear up
various concern with the issues of supervision in carrying out the roles
expected to each of them. Moreover, it will guide parents in determining the
roles expected of them in helping their children's performance and ways of
improving their standard. This study will be of tremendous assistance to the
government and those saddled with the administration of secondary schools, in
identifying areas that require their contribution towards enhancing better quality
control in schools.
Furthermore,
this study will also guide further research in the field of education,
especially educational management on the relationship between quality control
and students' academic performance. Finally, the result of this study will
ensure that both school administrators and teachers know that for any high
quality in education to be attained and taken place, such an effort must be
beaked up with good quality control.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This study
covers secondary schools in Lagos State. The study therefore involves selected
secondary school like Aocoed international school as well as some selected
secondary schools in the urban areas of Ojo local government Area.
1.6 Definitions of Terms
The
following terms are defined operationally in this study to avoid ambiguity as
follows:
SUPERVISION:
The act of overseeing both teachers and students.
STANDARD:
This is the quality of educational achievement.
STUDENTS
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: This refers to the level of accomplishment of the
students in senior secondary school certificate examinations.
QUALITY
CONTROL: This is the supervision and inspection of all aspects of educational
system so that a high degree of goodness in education is
achieved and
the set standard met.
INSPECTION:
This is a process involving regular visits to school to cheek that everything
is satisfactory and that rules are being obeyed by principals, teachers and
students.
EDUCATIONAL
ORDINANCE: This is an order made by government concerning education.
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