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PROVISION
AND UTILIZATION OF STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOL
ABSTRACT
The study
critically investigates poor provision and utilization of school facilities in
Secondary School in Mushin Local Government Area as it relates to students
academic performance. The study population comprises of all public Senior
Secondary School Students and the teachers in Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos
State. Validated instrument was a self
developed questionnaire (IQPUSFSAP) for teachers & students on the
provision and utilization of school facilities.
The data collected was analyzed using frequency counts and percentage,
the formulated hypotheses were tested using the t-test statistical tools at
0.05 level of significance. It has been
established that a significant relationship exist between the provision and
utilization of school facilities and student’s academic performance.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
School
facilities have been observed as a potent factor to quantitative education. The
importance to teaching and learning on the provision and utilization of
adequate instructional facilities for education cannot be over-emphasized. The
dictum that “teaching is inseparable from learning but learning is not
separable from teaching” is that teachers do the teaching to make the students
learn, but students can learn without the teachers. According Farant(1991 and
Farombi 1998) learning can occur through one’s interaction with one’s
environment. Environment here refers to facilities that are available to
facilitate students learning outcome. It includes books, audio-visual, software
and hardware of educational technology; size of classroom, sitting position and
arrangement, availability of tables, chairs, chalkboards, shelves on which
instruments for practical are arranged
According to
Oni (1992), facilities constitute a strategic factor in organizational functioning.
This is so because they determine to a very large extent the smooth functioning
of any social organization or system including education. He further stated
that their availability, adequacy and relevance influence efficiency and high
productivity. In his words, Farombi (1998) opines that the wealth of a nation
or society could determine the quality of education in that land; emphasizing
that a society that is wealthy will establish good schools with quality
teachers, learning infrastructures, students learn with ease thus bringing
about good academic achievement. Writing on the role of facilities in teaching,
Anameze (2001) submitted that no effective science education programme can
exist without equipment for teaching. This is because facilities enable the
learner to develop problem-solving skills and scientific attitudes. In their
contribution, Alliyu(1993) reiterated that when facilities are provided to meet
relative needs of a school system, students will not only have access to the
reference materials mentioned by the teacher, but individual students will also
learn at their own paces. The net effect of this is increased overall academic
performance of the entire students.
In his study
on resource concentration, utilization and management as correlates of
students’ learning outcomes, Farombi
(1998) found that the classroom learning environment in some schools was poor.
He cited examples of schools without chalkboard, absence of ceiling, some
roofing sheets not in place, windows and doors removed among others, a
situation which the researcher regarded as hazardous to healthy living of the
learners. According to Nigerian Tribune on Thursday 25 November, 1999, in a
caption; “Mass Failure will Continue until…” the chairman of the National
Committee of WAEC, Dr. U.B. Ahmed opined that the classroom is the origin of
failure… a close look at the public schools and what goes on there shows that
nothing good can come out of most schools as they do not have facilities,
adequate and appropriate human resources to prepare candidates for WASCE.
The above
statement indicates that the problem of candidates’ mass failure in WAEC’s
organized examination will continue until the situation of the nation’s public
schools change for the better. Writing on how to improve primary education in developing countries,
World Bank publication (1990). Aliyu,K.(1993) linked performance of students to
the provision of adequate facilities while referring to a survey of 51 primary
schools in Botswana that students performed significantly better on academic
tests when they had adequate classrooms, desks and books. Earlier, Fagbamiye
(1999) attesting to why students’ performance standard fall observed 559 cases
from 13 secondary schools in Lagos State using age, type of school (day or
boarding, mixed or single sex), teachers’ qualifications and teaching
experience as well as intake quality using students’ entrance examination
achievement. His findings revealed that schools which are equipped had good
records of achievement and attracted more students. He concluded that good
quality schools in terms of facilities and younger students’ intake perform
better in WASCE. Commenting on why high academic attainment is not in vogue in
Nigeria. Madumere (2007) identified poor and inadequate physical facilities,
obsolete teaching techniques… overcrowded classrooms among others, as factors.
Throwing more light on school facilities and moral guiding provision, Fabunmi
(1997) asserted that school facilities when provided will aid teaching learning
programme and consequently improve academic achievement of students while the
models guiding their provision to schools could take any form as rational
bureaucratic and or political model. Whichever model is adopted, according to
him, there is always a common feature of differing allocation of facilities to
schools. In his words, Ojoawo (1990), however, noted that certain schools are
favored in the allocation of facilities at the expense of others. Writing on
poor performance of students in public examinations, London (1990) states that
in many developing nations, certain physical facilities are none existent, and
that those instances where amenities are available many are of sub standard
quality. What is even more alarming is the correlation, which these observers
claim to exist between quality of facilities and academic performance.
Lamenting on the glowing inadequacies of school facilities in our education
industry.
Adegboye
(2000) opines that everywhere you look, primary, secondary, special, technical,
tertiary, there is abundant evidence of crippling inertia, criminal neglect and
a pervasive decay in values and standard. Other scholars (Wilcockson, 1994;
Lawal 1995; Ajayi –Dopemu, (2008) have variously identified the significance of
facilities in teaching and learning spheres. We can say that absence or poor
(and or deteriorating) quality of educational facilities can influence academic
performance. Gamoran (1992), however, holding a contrary view noted that
facilities… teachers’ salaries, books in the library and the presence of
science laboratory, had little impact on variation in student’s achievement
once students background variables had been taken into account. This statement connotes that before such
student could perform well in higher educational level, he must have been
groomed or cushioned by availability of resources in his elementary days upon
which he now uses as spring board. According to Hallak (1990), facilities form
one of the potent factors that contribute to academic achievement in the school
system. They include the school buildings, classroom, accommodation, libraries,
laboratories, furniture, recreational equipment, apparatus and other
instructional materials. He went further to say that their availability,
relevance and adequacy contribute to academic achievement. He however, quickly
added that unattractive school buildings and overcrowded classrooms among
others contribute to poor academic attainment. Describing where these
facilities should be located, he ascribed that educational facilities should be
located in appropriate places, while the needs of the users should be put into
consideration.
In another
development. Aliyu (1993) found that there was no significant difference
between students in secondary schools with and without adequate instructional
facilities. However, he submitted that instructional facilities were
indispensible to academic achievement of students in English Language,
Mathematics, Biology and Geography while students could perform well in other
subjects without adequacy of sophisticated instructional materials. He
concluded that the effect of instructional facilities on students’ academic
achievement is more felt in pure and social sciences. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the
educational system to facilitate learning by creating the ideal situation for
the child to discover things for himself especially through adequate provision
of school facilities. This indicates that the school facilities would surely
have a great impact on the students. The school facilities may indicate a great
deal of cooperation among the groups in the school setting while some might not
even want to learn at all. This implies that the school facilities will affect
the performance of both the teachers and the students either positively or
negatively.
This study
therefore aims at encouraging school administrators to apply modern techniques
in the management of school facilities. It also suggests that school
administrators and managers should be constantly trained and retrained on the
modern tools of management. Thus, the
standard of education will improve greatly if the resources allocated to
education and the available school facilities are optimally utilized.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Cursory
observation reveals that majority of students in public secondary schools in
Mushin Local Government area of Lagos State perform below desired outcomes in
the Senior School Certificate Examination especially when results of previous
years are compared. (Ossai, 2004). This observed poor performance motivated
this research. A student’s academic performance is measured by his or her
scholastics achievement. This scholastic achievement is known through the use
of instructional evaluation and other associated invisible but real influences
that influence performance such as school facilities among others.
The causes
of poor performance in our public secondary schools have been blamed on several
factors. Critics have apportioned blames on teachers, society, parents, school
inspectorate and the government about learners’ inability to perform
outstandingly well, (Ojoawo, 1990). However, issues that bother on inadequate
and most times insufficient school facilities have the major blame in students’
academic performance as the sociologists are quick to observe that the
environment makes the man. Akinkugbe( 1994).
School facilities optimization is therefore so important and contribute
significantly to students achievement so much that it cannot be neglected in
the development of the education sector. As rightly observed by Oni (1992), the
availability and adequacy in quantity and quality of the physical/material
facilities make possible a school’s smooth operation and enhance effective
teaching-learning activity thereby resulting in achieving higher educational
attainments by the students.
Therefore
this research is to investigate the extent to which the provision utilization
of school Facility such as school building, laboratory library, ICT has
influenced student academic performance in Senior Secondary in Mushin Local
government Area. Area of Lagos State
which could be attributed to poor provision and utilization of school
facilities.
1.3 Purpose
of Study
1. To examine the significant relationship
between the provision and utilization of school facilities such as school
building and class size and student’s academic performance in Senior Secondary
School in Mushin Local government Area.
2. To assess the extent to which the use of
the laboratory as affected student’s academic performance their examination.
3. To examine the significant relationship
between the provision and utilization of instructional materials and Students
academic performance.
1.4 Research Questions
1. Is there any significant relationship
between the provision and utilization of school facilities such as school
building and student’s academic performance in Senior Secondary School in
Mushin Local government Area?
2. Is there any significant relationship
between the provision and utilization of instructional materials such as map,
chart, white board, projector and film on Students academic performance?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1. There is no significant relationship
between the provision and utilization of school facilities such as school
building and student’s academic performance.
2. There is no significant relationship
between the provision and utilization of instructional materials such as map,
chart, white board, projector and film on Students academic performance.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The findings
of this study will go a long way in enhancing the standard of education and
motivate educational managers, school facilities’ planners and administrators
in the management of educational system to bring about regular maintenance,
reconstruction, where necessary. This
study will therefore provides an appraisal of the utilization of the school
facilities in some secondary schools in Lagos State and how this is related to
Students’ academic performance in SSCE upon which standard evaluation is often
made by external examining bodies.
1.7
Limitation of the Study
This study
will be limited to five secondary school in Mushin Local government area of
Lagos state. Finance, time and other
logistics may be major constraints.
1.8
Definition of term
Laboratory: This is a room or building equipped for
scientific experimentation; laboratory is also a equipped room for scientific
research, or teaching or for the manufacture of drugs or chemicals.
Library: This is a room containing collection of
books, periodicals and sometimes films and recorded music for people to read or
borrow. It is also a collection of
sources, resources, and services and the structure in which it is housed.
Facilities: These are equipment, infrastructures and
machines as well as any physical structure.
Provision: This means building new Facilities or
building physical structure like classroom and playground. Instruction Facilities: These are
classrooms, laboratories, workshops and library.
Utilization: It refers to the extent of the operation or
use of available facilities provided for the studies.
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