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ASSESSMENT
OF ACCIDENT FREQUENCY RATE IN SOME SELECTED QUARRIES
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
1.1
Background of the study
Maintenance can be defined as working
on something to keep it in a functioning and safe state and preserving it from
failure or decline. The “something” could be a workplace, work equipment, or
means of transport (e.g. a ship).
Preventive – or proactive – maintenance
is carried out to keep something functional. This type of activity is usually
planned and scheduled.
Corrective – or reactive – maintenance
is repairing something to get it working again. This is an unscheduled,
unplanned task, usually associated with greater hazards and higher risk levels.
Maintenance is not the exclusive domain
of fitters and mechanics. It is the responsibility of almost all workers in
every sector and is carried out in almost every working environment.
Workers’ health and safety can be
affected during the maintenance process, but also by lack of maintenance or
inadequate maintenance. Design of equipment and the work area also has a
significant impact on the health and safety of workers performing maintenance.
Maintenance work in the quarrying
industry
Quarrying1 is one of the most dangerous
industries to work in: quarry workers are twice as likely to be killed in an
accident at work as construction workers, and 13 times more likely to die at
work as those
in manufacturing industries2. The use
of large earth-moving vehicles and machines, the handling of explosives and
heavy loads, ever-present airborne dust, and simply working on dangerous sites
are
all aspects of quarrying that increase
the risk of both accidents and occupational diseases. A significant proportion
of fatalities in the quarrying sector are associated with maintenance work, the
use of vehicles and fixed machinery, and falls from height3. Many accidents happen
during maintenance work and these might affect not only maintenance staff but
also other workers on site.
A worker at a stone crushing and
screening plant was seriously injured while carrying out corrective maintenance
on a moving conveyor belt. The worker’s right hand was trapped in the moving
belt and
his right arm was dragged between the
return belt and tail drum. Because the worker was wearing gloves he managed to
free his arm. However he had multiple bone fractures, tissue damage and
friction burns to his right arm.
Quarries must be properly inspected and
maintained to ensure the health and safety of all workers on site. Maintenance
activities at quarries range from the maintenance of machines, equipment and
vehicles to the keeping of roadways on site in good order, attending to such
matters as providing edge protection and securing excavations.
Quarry maintenance workers are exposed
to many hazards, including frequent and heavy lifting, noise and vibration, and
hazardous substances such as oil, gas, hydraulic fluid, antifreeze and welding
fumes. They work in awkward positions and often have to use high-pressure hoses
and vessels or work on machines that are still running.
The nature of their work means that
they often have to work unsocial hours or at weekends when normal operations
stop. They frequently work under severe time pressure and this, of course,
increases the risk of accidents. In addition, maintenance is sometimes
outsourced which means that contract workers unfamiliar with the quarry and
systems of work may be on-site.
In all industries, maintenance is an
area within which a significant number of accidents occur. About 32% of all
occupational accidents in Germany between1992-1995 happened while maintenance
work was being carried out. In France about 44% of all fatal accidents in 2002
were related to maintenance work. The German statutory accident insurance
institution for the quarrying industry reported that between 1999 and 2003, 48%
of all accidents in the sector were related to maintenance and repair tasks.
A quarry worker was severely injured
while maintaining a stone cutter. The machine was running as he greased it, and
his clothes became trapped in the shaft and were wound up with great force.8.
1.2
Statement of the problem
Many fatalities and serious injuries at
quarries happen during the cleaning and adjustment of machinery while it is
still running or due the unexpected start-up of equipment while it is being
worked on. According to the German accident insurance9 institution 36 % of all
fatal accidents among maintenance workers are caused in this way, exacerbated
by such factors as machine operating errors, inadequate safety measures and
poor communication.
1.3
Objectives of the study
1.
To understand the causes
of accidents at quarry sites
2.
To understand the types of
accidents at quarry sites
3.
To know the solutions to
the challenges of accidents at quarry sites
1.4
Research Questions
1. What the causes of accidents at quarry sites
2. What are the types of
accidents at quarry sites
3. What are the solutions to
the challenges of accidents at quarry sites
1.5
Research Hypothesis
H0: Accidents at quarry sites are not avoidable
H1: Accidents at quarry sites avoidable
1.6
Limitations of study
There was limited time and finance during the course
of the study
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