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THE ROLE OF
NUTRITION IN THE WELLBEING OF UNDERGRADUATES
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
page………………………………….………………………. i
Approval
page……………………………..……………………… ii
Dedication………………………..……………………………….
iii
Acknowledgement…………….…………………………………..
iv
Table of
Contents…………………………………………………. vi
Abstract………………………..………………………………….
ix
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study……………………………………. 1
1.2
Statement of Problem……………………………………… 4
1.3 Research
Questions………………………………………….. 5
1.4 Purpose
of the Study………………………………………… 6
1.5
Significance of the Study………………………………….. 7
1.6 Scope of
Study…………………………………………….. 7
1.7
Limitations………………………………………………. 7
1.8
Definitions of Terms………………………………………… 8
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Introduction…………………………………………………. 10
2.1
Definition of Nutrition……………………………………….. 11
2.2 Food and
its Classification……………………………………. 15
2.3 Balanced
Diet……………………………………………. 32
2.4 Roles of
Good Nutrition on One’s Well-being…………….. 35
2.5 Factors
Affecting Food Selection/Habits………………………… 37
2.6 Problems
Associated with Food among Undergraduates………… 41
2.7 Healthy
Eating………………………………………………… 45
2.8
Summary……………………………………………………… 50
CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research
Design……………………………………………. 52
3.2
Population of the Study…………………………………….. 52
3.3 Sample
and Sampling Technique…………………………… 52
3.4
Description of Instrument……………………………….. 53
3.5 Validity
of Instrument………………………………… 53
3.6
Reliability of Instrument……………………………… 53
3.7 Administration
of Instrument………………………….. 54
3.8 Method
of Data Analysis…………………………………… 54
CHAPTER
FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1
Demographic Characteristics of Respondents……………………… 55
4.2 Eating
Habits of Undergraduates………………………….. 57
4.3 Summary
of Findings………………………………………… 74
CHAPTER
FIVE: CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Discussion of the Findings……………………………………….. 76
5.2
Recommendations…………………………………………….. 77
5.3
Conclusion……………………………………………………. 79
References………………………………………………………..
80
Appendix…………………………………………………………
82
ABSTRACT
This project
investigated the role of nutrition in the well-being of undergraduates using
the University of Benin undergraduates as a case study. A descriptive survey
research design was used to obtain data. The instrument used was the
questionnaire. Fifty questionnaires were administered and all were retrieved.
The study
aimed at investigating:
The role
nutrition plays in the well-being of undergraduates.
The
nutritional problems that are most common among undergraduates.
The factors
that affect the nutritional level of undergraduates.
The
constituents of an undergraduate’s diet.
Suggestions
provided for undergraduates to eat healthy for optimal well-being.
Analysis and
interpretation of data revealed that lack of nutritional knowledge among
undergraduates has led to some nutritional problems which are prevalent among
them; they are swollen gums, weak eyesight and indigestion. These nutritional
problems have adverse effects on their performance at school, bodily functions,
emotional health and self esteem. Some factors like income/monthly allowance,
religion, culture, one’s dwelling place and one’s level of nutritional
knowledge were identified to have contributed to inadequate nutrition.
The researcher
therefore recommends that nutrition be taught in schools from nursery through
tertiary institutions, that seminars be organized by tertiary institutions on
the importance of good nutrition and parents and guardians should work hard to
provide sufficient funds for their children and wards to feed adequately.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Good
nutrition is necessary for good health and concern with food is important if
certain illnesses are to be prevented. Good nutrition is closely associated
with good health – how you look and feel, how well you perform mentally and
physically at work or at home.
The body is
made up of many materials. These can be supplied by a wide variety of foods to
ensure good health. The body is, broadly speaking, the product of its
nutrition. You are what you eat. Therefore, it is important that daily
decision-making on this important aspect of health be properly guided and
should not be based on wrong influences.
A person’s
diet is made up of the food they eat. Nutrition is the way that food people eat
nourishes their bodies. Good nutrition means your body is getting all the
nutrients, vitamins and minerals it needs to work at its best level. Eating a
healthy diet is your main way to get good nutrition. These diets should
maintain growth, encourage health and be satisfying, as nutrition for
undergraduates is important to the way their bodies are shaped for the rest of
their lives.
Nutrition is
what you eat and how your body uses it. It is your total daily food intake
transformed into physical appearance, energy, growth and countless other body
functions. Happily, your nutrition is in your hands. Your decisions really
count when it comes to the food you eat. Whether you buy and prepare food to be
eaten at home or you eat out, you are faced with important food choices.
The basic
function of food is to keep us alive and healthy to grow and to reproduce. Food
contains nutrients – components that contribute to, and in some cases uniquely
provide for, biochemical and physiological functions in the body. Foods may
also include non-absorbed components which may influence bowel health and
function e.g. some phenolic compounds such as tannins and classes of non-starch
polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose). Food may also include contaminants from
unusual soil types or from industrial pollution. Heavy metals, radioactive
isotopes, and microbial contamination all have potential negative health
effects. Foods contain a variety of compounds which can be absorbed and which
have important biological effects e.g. caffeine.
Different
age groups have different nutritional needs and people’s diets should meet
these specific needs. For example, the nutritional needs and diet of a pregnant
woman are different from those of an elderly man. Likewise, an infant needs a
different diet and nutrition than a teenager. Each of us has different nutritional
needs, and these needs are constantly changing. Children’s needs are dictated,
in part, by their growth patterns. Adult needs change with age. One set of
rules simply cannot apply to everyone. In addition, factors such as a person’s
height and current weight, current health status, and activity level also
affect what kind of nutrients they need and how much they need.
Optimal
nutrition is critical for the development, growth and overall health of
undergraduates. It helps ensure optimal cognitive and physical development,
prevent sickness and illness and promote overall well-being (Nicklas and
Johnson,2004). Despite the benefits of healthy eating, only 30% of youths meet
the dietary recommendations for fruits, grains, meat and dairy and 36% for
vegetables (Munoz, Kerbs-Smith, Ballard & Cleveland, 1997), based on the
Food Guide Pyramid. Further, 16% of youths did not meet any recommendations,
and a merger 1% met all recommendations (Munoz et el, 1997).
School-based
programs can play an important role in promoting healthy lifestyles and diets
among students — through “direct” and “indirect” avenues. These include formal
health and nutrition curriculums and school lunch programs and other provisions
of foods, respectively (Passmore, 1996). Several studies have shown that youths
are interested in learning about nutrition and generally believe nutrition is
important to good health (Murphy, Youatt, Hoerr, Sawyer & Andrews, 1994).
The general
topic to be discussed in this research plan is nutrition, undergraduates’
eating habits and what imparts it has on them. The diet an undergraduate has
can either have a positive or negative impact on his well-being. This research
will look into the roles nutrition play in the all round well-being and
performance of undergraduates using the University of Benin undergraduates as a
case study.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Good
nutrition requires a balance of food, vitamins and minerals (from eating a
healthy diet) and physical activity. Overweight and obesity can result if
things get out of balance —such as eating too much food, not getting enough
physical activity or having too much of one or more nutrients in the diet.
Health risks associated with being overweight or obese include type 2 diabetes,
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma and arthritis, among other risks.
Good nutrition is a critical step in helping control your weight and preventing
the risks that come from being overweight or obese.
The health
of undergraduates has been slowly deteriorating over the years and this is not
a new phenomenon that educators and parents have to address. The challenges
associated with making undergraduates healthier are enormous and have posed
problems for political and school officials as well as educators in the front
lines of this struggle. Peterson (2008) states that lack of physical activity,
diet, parental involvement are all factors that are affecting the health of
students today. Educators can have a direct impact on many of these areas and
it is important to have a well-developed understanding of the contributing
factors so appropriate decisions about interventions can be made, especially if
they affect parental involvement. It is important to note that contributing
factors to the health of undergraduates is not limited to in-school only. They
move beyond in-school to before and after school as well.
The health
of undergraduates has declined over the years. Research has shown very little
improvement over the past couple of years.
1.3 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
Based on the
statement of problem, the researcher seeks to answer the following questions:
What roles
does nutrition play in the general well-being of undergraduates?
What
nutritional problems are most common among undergraduates?
What factors
affect the nutritional level of undergraduates?
What should
constitute the diets of undergraduates?
What
suggestions does the literature provide for undergraduates to eat healthy for
optimal well-being?
1.4 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The
objectives of this study are:
To find out
the various roles nutrition has to play in the general well-being of
undergraduates.
To discover
what factors will either favour or/and adversely affect the nutritional status
of undergraduates.
To find out
the problems associated with improper nutrition.
To determine
how much knowledge undergraduates possess about nutrition and how it affects
their well-being.
To
investigate the roles undergraduates have to play in their general well-being
in terms of food habits.
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The essence
of this study is to make available useful information on proper nutrition to
parents, educators, school officials and students themselves. Educators can
become more aware of the nutritional problems surrounding the health of their
students and implement better practices during school sessions. Parents can
take this information, and implement and provide healthier food options at home
during and after the school year ends. School officials can implement programs
and adopt school-wide programs that will benefit the overall health of their
students. Students can learn food habits that will contribute to their wellness
and development.
1.6 SCOPE OF
STUDY
This study
was designed to reach as many undergraduates as possible. However, due to
financial constraints, limited time and accessibility, it was restricted to
undergraduates in the University of Benin, Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria.
1.7
LIMITATIONS
Major
limiting factors of this research project include:
Inability of
the researcher to lay her hands on printed literature resources as either books
on this topic are unavailable in the library or they are outdated i.e. they are
not recent publications.
Articles
found in various electronic search engines were used if they were available
online. All online resources are not as durable as literature resources
available from the library.
Limited time
made the researcher settle for the use of a small sample size; it led the
researcher to a restricted geographical coverage of undergraduates in the
University of Benin only.
Insufficient
funds led to a production of a limited number of questionnaires. The epileptic
nature of electric power supply was also a challenge.
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS
NUTRITION:
The intake of food considered in relation to your body’s dietary needs.
UNDERGRADUATE:
A university student who has not yet taken a first degree.
WELL-BEING:
A good, healthy or comfortable state.
FOOD HABITS:
The behaviour acquired by people towards food. This includes frequency and
pattern of eating.
NUTRIENTS:
Food substances providing nourishments.
FOOD GUIDE
PYRAMID: A guide for achieving the nutrients needed for optimal growth and
healthy weights.
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ReplyDeleteThe food we eat gives our bodies the information and materials they need to function properly. If we don't get the right information, our metabolic processes suffer and our health declines. And that's why it is good we eat good food and eat well. Nice post here.
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