EXERGETIC ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM BOTH FRESH AND WASTE GROUNDNUT OIL USING ALKALI CATALYST METHOD
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EXERGETIC
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM BOTH FRESH AND WASTE GROUNDNUT
OIL USING ALKALI CATALYST METHOD
Department:
Economics
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel is
produced from biological source such as vegetable oils, animal fats and waste
cooking oils using biochemical process known as transesterification. It is the
mono alkyl esters of fatty acid (MAEFA) gotten when any of the biological
source react chemically with an alcohol to produce fatty acid alkyl esters and
glycerol. If waste groundnut oil reacts with an alkanol (methanol), biodiesel
and glycerol are produced as end products (Jonvan. 2005). Due to the higher
demanding of energy and pollution problems by the use of fossil fuel, as a
result, it become necessary to develop an alternative fuel which is a renewable
energy source that is non-toxic fuel, biodegradable and environmentally
friendly fuel used in diesel engine. Biodiesel does not contain any sulphur or
aromatic compound and its combustion results in lower emission of carbon
monoxides, hydrocarbons and particulates, which reduces greenhouse gas effect
and does not contributes to global warming due to lesser emission (Sharama and
Singh, 2009; Suppalakpanya et al., 2010).
Biodiesel can be used easily and safely stored as a fuel in addition to
its when compared to fossil fuel which affects the environment negatively
(Ozcimen and Yucel, 2010). No fuel system modification or engine conversion is
needed to run the biodiesel on conventional diesel engines, biodiesel as an
alternative fuel developed to reduce the challenges of environmental and higher
demanding of fossil fuel, it became recognizable and attracted more attentions
because of it renewable nature and it performance efficiency in diesel engines;
biodiesel can be used as pure or mix with diesel fuel in unmodified diesel
engines and it reduces some exhaust pollutants which are emitted to atmosphere
as compared with fossil fuel exhaust emissions (Agarwal and Das, 2001).
Biodiesel has a relatively high flash point (15 OC) which makes it less
volatile and safer to transport or handle than petroleum based diesel
(Krawczyk, 1996). It provides lubricating properties that can reduce engine
wear and extend engine life (Von Wedel, 1999) in brief, these merits of
biodiesel makes it a good alternative to petroleum based fuel and led to its
use in many countries, especially in environmentally sensitive area (Roseman,
2009). Biodiesel is a very modern and technological area for researchers due to
the relevance that it is wining every day because of the increase in the
petroleum price and environmental advantages, it describes sustainable
feedstock options for production and improved conversion technologies (Siti,
2009). The advantages of biodiesel as diesel fuel are it portability, higher
combustion efficiency, availability, renewability, higher cetane number, lower
sulphur and aromatic content and higher biodegradability (Siti, 2009). The main
disadvantage of biodiesel as diesel fuel are its higher viscosity, lower energy
content, higher cloud point and pour point, higher nitrogen oxide emission,
lower engine speed and power, injector caking in engine compatibility and
higher engine wear (Mustafa and Havva, 2010).
The rate consumption of fossil fuel which is faster than it can be
replenished and their environmental pollution effect lead to the usage of an
alternative renewable energy source in the recent years, biodiesel is an
important renewable energy source that has being commonly produced presently in
many countries of the world such as Germany, France, USA, Italy, Australia,
Brazil, Argentina and Malaysia. With Germany and France as the two leading
biodiesel producers in European countries (European Biodiesel Board, 2010) 1.9
million tone biodiesel were produced in European Union countries in 2009.
Biodiesel is generally produced from different sources such as plant oils:
Soybean oil (Silva et al., 2010, Cao et al., 2005, Lee et al., 2009) cottonseed
oil (Dube et al., 2007; Issariyakul et al., 2008) sunflower oil (Madras et al.,
2004) linseed oil (Veljkovic et al., 2006) palm oil (Melero et al., 2009)
recycled cooking oils (Rahamanlar, 2010; Zhang et al., 2003; Demirbas, 2009)
and animal fats.
Transesterification
reaction process is one of the method used in biodiesel production. This
process is conventional and most common method as a homogeneous catalyst
(alkali or acid) or heterogeneous catalyst (Ozcimen and Yucel, 2010). In
transeterification process fatty acid
alkyl esters are produced by the reaction of triglyceride with an alcohol
(ethanol or methanol) in the present of alkali, acid or enzyme catalyst
(Ozcimen and Yucel, 2010). The sodium or potassium hydroxide which dissolved in
alcohol, is generally used as catalyst in this is process ( Dubo et al., 2007)
the product of the reaction are fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) which is the
bioldiesel and glycerol (Vicente et al., 2004). Ethanol can be used as alcohol
instead of methanol if ethanol is used fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) is
produced as product. The alkali catalysed transesterification reaction proceeds
faster than acid catalysed transesterification and it is the one most commonly
used commercially (Ozcimen and Yucel, 2010). The most commonly alkali catalyst
used are NaOH, CH3ONa and KOH, the sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
Alkyl oxides solutions of sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide in methanol
which are now commercially available are preferred catalyst for large continous
flow production processes (Singh et al., 2006).
Energy
analysis is a method of evaluating the energy requirement in either a physical
or chemical process operation. It involves carrying out energy balance of a
system in which energy requirement is determined in every process unit (Dincer
and Rosen, 2007). This analysis is based on first law of thermodynamics that
helps in evaluating the efficiencies of the energy and aids the analysis of
processes, system and devices for energy transfer and transformation to take
place with no information on the degradation of energy resources and can not
estimates the quality of energy stream flowing through the system (Dincer and
Rosen, 2007).
Exergy
analysis is a potential tool based on the second law of the thermodynamic which
highlights related possibilities and understanding means of identifying,
assessing and comparing of processes and systems (Dincer and Rosen, 2007).
Exergy is the most reliable tool of assessing the performance of thermodynamic
resources, it is the maximum amount of useful work which can be produced by a
flow of matter or energy as it comes to equilibrium with a reference
environment (Dincer and Rosen, 2000). This analysis identifies the primary
sources of loss and provides more accurate performance relative to the
theoretical ideal (Dincer and Rosen, 2007). The true measure of how closely
actual performance approaches the ideal are gotten from the efficiencies
produced by exergy analysis and identified more better than the energy analysis
the cause and locations of the thermodynamic losses (Dincer and Rosen, 2007).
However exergy analysis help in improving and optimizing system designs and
processes (Dincer and Rosen, 2007). Exergy analysis has been used in the design,
simulation, evaluation of energy performance of a system, it is also employed
to detect and evaluate quantitatively the cause of the thermodynamic
irreversibilities in a system under the consideration (Dincer and Rosen, 2007).
This analysis indicates improvement possibilities of thermodynamic system and
overcomes the limitation of the first law of thermodynamic; it also can
quantify the quality of heat in a waste stream, (Dincer and Rosen 2007). The
purpose of exergy analysis is to identify exergy efficiency, cause and true
magnitudes if exergy losses. At steady state of a system, the evaluation of
exergy for ethylene process and refrigeration system was conducted at three
different ways such as the unit operation level, the subsystem and overall
process (Hsuan, 2007)
Economic
Analysis has long been considered as one of the most important element in
production valuation, feasibility studies and production corporate decision in
industries; and in establishing plant and equipment capacities of biodiesei production
(Yii-Der et al., 2007). The cost estimation relationship in economic analysis
are used to streamline the cost and span associated with proposal preparation,
evaluation and agreement (Yii-Der et al., 2007). In biodiesel production
process, so many factors are put into consideration for a successful analysis
such as availability of raw materials (Feed stocks) capital, labour, site
location, good network, roads for transportation purpose and availability of
energy to power the production plant, for large scale production of biodiesel
to be favourable, the economic analysis
must be made the key deriving force which also determine reliability of
biodiesel as an alternative fuel to petroleum based fuel, (Yii-Der et al.,
2007). In producing biodiesel, the economic aspect are considered important as
the feedstock are readily available in order to make biodiesel profitable
(Peter, et al., 2010).But it became obovious that the biodiesel which is more
friendly to environment and diesel engines are more expensive than petrol based
fuel as a result of insufficient feedstock which causes lower rate of
production (Peter et al., 2010). A thermo-economic analysis is simply used to
determine the flow of exergy and its associated economic values during
operation (Mei and Göran, 1997). The price changes from inflows and outflows of
the operating units of system, but the average price can be determined only if
there is significant change of inflows and outflows of the operating units
((Mei. and Göran, 1997).. This analysis enhance the comparison of the economic
cost of the exergy losses of the process units of concerns, but it dose not
account for efficiency of a system or the effect of one part of the system to
another part of the system (Mei and Göran, 1997)..
Exergoeconomic
analysis is a method of combining exergy and economic analysis, this method is
a tool used in evaluating the cost of inefficiencies of individual process
stream in production of biodiesel, including the intermediate and final product
(Hsuan, 2007). The exergoeconomic analysis was reviewed by Tsatsaronis. (1993).
Systematic methodology for the evaluation of cost associated with the stream
exergy developed by Valero et al. (2010). It has been mostly reported that
exergoeconomic method of analysis have been applied for analysis of energy
conversion system such as power plant and cogeneration system with few
application on chemical processes, the exergoeconomic analysis was for a
typical ethylene process (Hsuan, 2007). Exergy based economic method such as exergoeconomic,
thermoeconomic, exergy based pricing, EXCEM analysis, analysis based on the
ratio of thermodynamic loss to capital cost and the relationship between exergy
and economic was reviewed by Rosen (2010). The eco-efficient biodiesel
production process from waste vegetable oils using alkali catalysed
transesterification process was designed by Sergio et al. (2010). Wilmer et al.
(2010) worked on exergy analysis of biodiesel production from palm oil.
Economic comparison of the four continuous processes using acid and alkali
catalysts in fresh vegetable oils (FVOs) and waste vegetable oils (WVOs) was
carried out by (Zhang et al., 2003). It is evident that previous works have not
investigated the efficiency of biodiesel production from groundnut oil from
thermo-economic and exergetic point of view.However, this research work will
focus on exergetic and economic analysis of biodiesel production from both
fresh and waste groundnut oil using alkali catalysed transesterification
process in order to know which production process is more efficient from
exergetic and economic point of view.
1.1 Problem Statement
Several
types of transesterification method of biodiesel production and process
technology have been used to produce biodiesel either at laboratory or
commercial scale by different researchers. Also there were several attempts to
select biodiesel process route based on economic consideration. In adequate
investigation of biodiesel production process from thermo-economic point of
view to establish the most efficient process route to produce biodiesel at
commercial scale constitute the problem of this research.
1.2 Aim and Objectives
The aim of
this research work is to use exergetic-economic analysis as a tool to select
the most efficient process configuration for biodiesel production from
groundnut oil using alkali based catalysed transesterification process. The aim
of this research can be achieved by the following objectives
Identification and selection of process
configuration for commercial production of biodiesel.
Simulation of selected biodiesel production
process configurations for data generation.
Energy and exergy analysis of the selected
process configurations.
Economic analysis of the selected process
configurations.
Comparison to select the best process
configuration.
1.3 Scope of Study
This
research work will involve the use of Aspen Hysys plant software package for
simulation of biodiesel production from virgin and waste groundnut oil using
alkali based catalyst with energy, exergy and economy analysis of the
production process, the following are the scope of this research work:
Fresh and waste groundnut oils were
considered for the analysis.
Aspen Hysys plant software version 8.0 was
selected for this simulation process
Exergy and economic analysis were the
selected basis for comparison.
Basis:
· Feed specification: 50 250 tonne/year
for both FGO and WGO.
· Product specification: 99.6 % purity
of biodiesel from FGO and WGO.
1.4 Justification of Study
This
research work will be justified as followed:
To provide understanding of inefficiencies
of biodesel production configuration and how it can be improved.
To evaluate data and information generated
for biodiesel production process in order to be used for the development of
pilot plant.
To
prove the capability of exergy- economic analysis as a tool for the selection
of efficient process route.
To provide means of reducing the cost of
biodiesel production.
To provide
means of environmental protection
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