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THE IMPACT
OF INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA ON STUDENTS' ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
This
research project tends to examine The Impact of Instructional Media on Students'
Academic Performance in Senior Secondary Schools with special reference to
selected secondary schools in Ifako Ijaiye Local government Education District
of Lagos State.
The research
adopts a survey and a descriptive research design with a well structured
questionnaire. Data were basically sourced through primary means. Simple random
sampling was adopted in the selection of respondents. Ten schools were selected
and two hundred (200) students were chosen -both male and female.
Four
hypothesis were formulated and tested with the used of Chi-square analysis. The
analysis resulted into rejecting the four null hypotheses and concluding that;
the use of instructional media will aid the academic performance of students;
there is a significant relationship between student gender and their
performance; Instructional media will assist teachers in teaching concepts.
Among other
recommendations, it was recommended that effort should be made to provide
adequate instructional media because of its great value to teaching and
learning, also the school authorities should organize programme to coach
teachers on the use of instructional media to aid their teaching in biology
through seminars, workshops and conferences.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The word
'instruction' is the act of teaching or passing information unto others while
'media' is any material or equipment that conveys information from a source to
a receiver or vice-versa. However, the concept of instructional media, because
of its numerous definitions, has been defined in different ways by several
authorities and authors.
Each author
describes the concept from his or her own perception of it. In the past,
instructional media was called teaching aids, but because of the important
roles it plays in the development of education, scholars and authorities in the
field of education have re-examined its significance and changed the
nomenclature. It was observed that they are not mere aids to teaching but also
good sources of knowledge and motivation to learners, sources of generating new
ideas, and sources of in-depth thought in different fields as well as
organizers of learning.
The new
perception of the concept necessitates carving a new and more suitable
nomenclature known as educational media, instructional materials or
instructional media. Instruction media also means both human and material
resources which make teaching and learning to be more explicit, though
provoking, interesting, efficient and more effective.
Examples of
human resources include resource person such as lawyers, doctors, engineers,
social workers, religious leaders and so on. While material resources include
prints, electronic and real objects.
Examples of
these are pictures, diagrams, maps, radio, television, projectors and so on. As
important as these media are, it has been realized that the shortage in their
provision has caused a lot of hazard in the performance of students in our
schools, most especially at Senior Secondary level. Not withstanding, their
availability must not make them a master to the teacher, but a good servant
that is used most effectively and efficiently to ensure that adequate learning
takes place in the classroom.
Historical
Development of Instructional media
The history
of instructional media can be traced back to the development of technology,
which can not be credited to any single individual but a gradual process that
started from the Stone Age, through the book and chalk age and finally, the
mass communication age.
The Stone
Age:
According to
Adewoyin (2004), the period of Stone Age marked the beginning of visual aids
such as stones, pebbles, sticks and cowries which were used to enhance
effective learning and communication. Also some educators like Socrates
(497-399BC), Plato (428-349BC) and St. Thomas Aquinas (a
theologian/philosopher) also made their marks in dealing with issues relating
to the right methods of instruction to employ, the sequence to be followed and
the type of evaluation to be adopted.
The Book and
Chalk Age
The year
1450 AD marked a significant turning point in the history of the evolution of
educational media. This is because John Guttenberg, a German, invented a
printing press that year. His invention gave access to books with the
production of the Holy Bible in 1456.
Consequently,
several others contributed immensely to the development of educational
technology and instructional media.
Prominent among
them were individuals like Pythagoras, Propikos and Hippas (all Greek
teachers). They developed new techniques of teaching and encouraged the use of
apparatus in the teaching/learning process.
In addition,
individuals like Joseph Lancaster Pestalozzi (1746 - 1872) and Fredric Froebel
(1882 - 1852) also made their useful contributions. While Pestalozzi introduced
the use of bold letters in writing and the use of different colours on charts
(visuals), he also recommended that learning should commence from the concrete
(known) to the abstract (unknown). Rabelis (1483 - 1553 AD) and Amos Cornelius
(1592 - 1670 A.D) also made their marks. Rabelis advocated for the use of real
objects to clarify words and remarked that pictures were second best to real
objects. Cornelius however advocated for the use of many textbooks with
illustrations and pictures. He published his first Visual Aid Textbook for
children in Latin and called it "Orbits pictures" meaning "the
world In pictures." Adewoyin (2004)
The Mass
Communication Age
The advent
of science and technology in communication ushered in the mass communication
age. The development in telecommunication led to the invention of radio,
television, telephone, internet and other modern telecommunication systems
which made education accessible to millions of listeners.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
This study
is aimed at identifying some of the problems associated with the impact of
instructional media on students' academic performance in senior secondary
schools.
Some of the
Problems Include:
Teachers'
inability to select appropriate instructional media for different subjects,
which means that the instructional media selected for subjects taught are
either irrelevant or outdated. Such instructional media make lessons boring, uninteresting
and dull. Another problem is teachers' inability to use the media selected,
such as slides, microscope, chemicals etc appropriately. There should be
pre-test of media before being used in the classroom.
Teaching in
abstract is another problem. Many teachers teach without the use of
instructional media. Their belief is that some topics can't be taught with the
use of instructional media. Such topics include reproduction in Biology, nouns
in English, to mention but a few.
Teachers'
inability to improvise. Teachers sometimes unreal on commercially produced
media like films, posters, ready made charts and so on but are unable to
produce local instructional media for teaching.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
This study
intends to look into the extent to which the instructional media has affected
performance of students.
It will
focus on the definition of the overview of the research work. It will basically
deal with the total number of data presented for the research work without
considering the age or teacher's influence or any barrier.
1.4 Research hypothesis and limitation of the
study
The role of
media in teaching will be the main focus. Also the research work will only be
limited to Senior Secondary Schools with particular reference to selected
schools in Ifako-Ijaye Local Government. In testing the hypothesis, chi-square
method will be employed because it could be used for both small and large
sample.
Chi-square
method is a measure of the discrepancies between observed and expected
frequencies of 1, 2 or more variables.
Ho (Null
hypothesis): That uses of media in teaching biology in secondary schools affect
the performance of the students in schools.
Hi
(Alternative hypothesis): That uses of media in teaching biology in secondary
schools does not affect the performance of the students in schools.
Accept Ho if
computed X2 in less than table of value i.e O2 the null hypothesis is accepted.
The study
will enable the school to appreciate the role of media in teaching in secondary
schools. It will also serve as a pointer to area where there are needs for
improvement and modification teaching role of students and community at large.
The research
will also assess the classification of media and the criteria for selection of
instructional media.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This
research is basically to identify the impact of instructional media in schools
and provide support for schools and colleges.
It shall
also seek improvement for teachers in the aspect of teaching/learning
activities in the schools.
This study
is to promote and advance teaching/learning programmes in Nigeria as well as to
assist teachers, learners, proprietors of schools and those that would be
school owners to be creative, formative and sustainable in the quest for issues
of educational development through instructional media.
1.6 Research Questions
This
research is to answer the following questions:
i. How do instructional media affect the
academic performance of students?
ii. Does gender affect students'
academic performance?
iii. What difficulties do biology teachers
encounter in employing the use of instructional media to teach the subject?
1.7 Research Hypothesis
H1: The use of instructional media will aid the
academic performance of students.
H1: There is a significant relationship between
student gender and their performance.
H1: Instructional media will assist teachers in
teaching concepts.
1.8 Scope and Limitations
This study
in Limited to Senior Secondary Schools in Ifako-Ijaiye Local Government Area of
Lagos State.
Definition
of Terms
Teaching - Methods of imparting knowledge to
others
Instruction - Direction on how to do something
Media - An organization that provides
information for the
public.
Examples are television, radio etc
Instructional
Media - Materials used in passing information
and
Imparting
knowledge unto others.
Concept - Knowledge or understanding of something.
Improvisation - Use of locally available materials for
the real ones
Realia - Real objects that convey information
unto.
Nomenclature - Scientific naming of things
Resources - Useful things that exist on order to
improve
Education
There are
human and material resources
Evaluation - Judgment about how good, successful,
Useful or
effective
something is
Communication - Way of sending information from one
person or
place to
another.
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