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IMPACT OF
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT ON STUDENTS' ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
This study
examines the impact of learning environment on students’ academic achievement
in economics. Factors such as school facilities, class size, school location
and school plant planning were examined to know their impact on the academic
achievement of students in economics. Questionnaire was administered to test
the hypotheses developed. Simple percentage statistical tool was employed to
analyze the variables. Based on the findings, it was discovered that poor
school facilities, large class size, inappropriate school location, and poor
school plant planning negatively affects students’ academic performance.
Recommendations were made to address the issues of school learning facilities,
classroom population, school location and proper school plant planning.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The school
environment, which include the classrooms, libraries, technical workshops,
laboratories, teachers’ quality, school management, teaching methods, peers,
etc are variables that affect students’ academic achievement (Ajayi, 2001 and
Oluchukwu, 2000). Hence, the school
environment remains an important area that should be studied and well managed
to enhance students’ academic performance.
The issue of
poor academic performance of students in Nigeria has been of much concern to
the government, parents, teachers and even students themselves. The quality of
education not only depends on the teachers as reflected in the performance of
their duties, but also in the effective coordination of the school environment
(Ajao 2001). It has also been observed that adequate attention is now being
paid to school plant planning throughout the world’s educational systems
including Nigeria. Educational facilities such as school plant have been
repeatedly found to have positive relationship with standard and quality of
educational system. (Ojedele, 2000).
Nigeria as a
nation strives to experience real growth and development. This requires a
clearly defined development strategy that allows intensive utilization of
resources which is endowed. These resources are the various school physical
facilities that are indispensable in the educational process. They include the
sitting, the building and physical equipment, recreation places for the
achievement of educational objectives (Oluchuckwu, 2000).
School
environment which include instructional spaces planning, administrative places
planning, circulation spaces planning, spaces for conveniences planning,
accessories planning, the teachers as well as the students themselves are
essential in teaching-learning process. The extent to which student learning
could be enhanced depends on their location within the school compound, the
structure of their classroom, availability of instructional facilities and
accessories. It is believed that a well planned school will gear up expected
outcomes of education that will facilitate good social, political and economic
emancipation, effective teaching and learning process and academic performance
of the students.
Relating
this study to international occurrences are the assertions of Williams, Persaud
& Turner (2008), quoting Marsden (2005), which reported that safe and
orderly classroom environment (aspect of instructional space), School
facilities (accessories) were significantly related to students’ academic
performance in elementary schools. The three researchers, also quoted Glassman
(1994), asserting that a comfortable and caring environment among other
treatments helped to contribute to students` academic performance.
The physical
characteristics of the school have a variety of effects on teachers, students,
and the learning process. Poor lighting, noise, high levels of carbon dioxide
in classrooms, and inconsistent temperatures make teaching and learning difficult.
Poor maintenance and ineffective ventilation systems lead to poor health among
students as well as teachers, which leads to poor performance and higher
absentee rates (Frazier, 2002 Lyons, 2001; and Ostendorf, 2001). These factors
can adversely affect student behavior and lead to higher levels of frustration
among teachers, and poor learning attitude among student.
Beyond the
direct effects that poor facilities have on students’ ability to learn, the
combination of poor facilities, which create an uncomfortable and uninviting
workplace for teachers, combined with frustrating behavior by students
including poor concentration and hyperactivity, lethargy, or apathy, creates a
stressful set of working conditions for teachers. Because stress and job dissatisfaction
are common pre-cursors to lowered teacher enthusiasm, it is possible that the
aforementioned characteristics of school facilities have an effect upon the
academic performance of students in economics.
Previous
studies have investigated the relationship of poor school environment including
problems with student-teacher ratio, school location, school population,
classroom ventilation, poor lighting in classrooms, and inconsistent
temperatures in the classroom with student health problems, student behaviour,
and student achievement (Crandell & Smaldino, 2000; Davis, 2001; Johnson,
2001; Lyons, 2001;Moore, 2002; Stricherz, 2000; Tanner, 2000). To complement
these studies, the present research will examine the aforementioned areas of
school environment as it affect students performance in economics.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Emphasizing
the importance of school environment to students academic performance
economics, Oluchukwu, (2000) asserted school environment is an essential aspect
of educational planning, he went further to explain that “unless schools are
well suited, buildings adequately constructed and equipment adequately utilized
and maintained, much teaching and learning may not take place.
Corroborating
these, Mark (2002) and Ajayi (2007), maintained that high levels of students’
academic performance may not be guaranteed where instructional space such as
classrooms, libraries, technical workshops and laboratories are structurally
defective. They also emphasized that structural effectiveness, proper
ventilation and well sited instructional space lead to successful teaching and
learning process of students in economics.
1.3Purpose
of the Study
The main
purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between school environment
and the students’ academic performance. The study also aims
i. To examine the impact of school
facilities on the academic performance of students in economics
ii. To explore factors such as class
size that have been perceived to promote or inhibit students learning and
overall students academic achievement in economics and
iii. To investigate the extent to which
school location affects the academic achievement of students in economics.
1.4 Research Questions
i. Is there any relationship between
school environment and the student academic achievement in economics?
ii. To what extent do school facilities
affect student performance in economics?
iii.
What effect does class size has on the academic performance of students
in economics?
iv.
To what extent does school location has on the achievement of students
in economics?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho1 There is no significant difference
between school environment and the students’ academic performance in economics
Ho2 There is no significant difference
between school facilities and academic performance of students in economics
Ho3 There is no significant difference
between class size and academic performance of students in economics
Ho4 There is no significant difference
between school location and academic performance of students in economics
1.6 Significance of the Study
It is hoped
that this study will provide information for parents, educators and school
administrators to reflect upon various factors that help students in achieving
its academics goals in economics. In so doing, they can investigate the
possibility of introducing those factors to their school, which may
consequently lead to enhancing students’ academic performance in economics. In
addition, the fact that this study is conducted in public schools, it shares
quite a lot of similarities with many other counterparts. In this connection,
this study provides a valuable reference for other schools to reflect upon the
school environment as it affect the academic performance of student in economics.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This
research work focuses on influence of environment on academic performance of
students in economics in some selected schools in Badagry Local Government Area
of Lagos State. This research work covers the impact of the learning
environment on students’ academic achievement in economics in all public
secondary schools students in Badagry Local Government Area of Lagos State.
However, four public secondary schools were used as case study.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
Apart from
time-frame and shortage
of finance, the
major limitation to this research
is the inability
of the researcher
to cover the whole public secondary school in Badagry
Local Government Area Of Lagos State.
1.9 Definition of Terms
School: A
school is an institution designed for the teaching of students (or
"pupils") under the direction of teachers
School
Environment: A school's physical environment includes the school building and
the surrounding.
Academic
Achievement – Knowledge attained or skills developed in school subjects by test
scores.
Secondary
school (also “high school") is a term used to describe an educational
institution where the final stage of schooling, known as secondary education
and usually compulsory up to a specified age, takes place. It follows
elementary or primary education, and may be followed by university (tertiary)
education.
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