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CAUSES AND
EFFECT OF CHILD TRAFFICKING
ABSTRACT
This study
examines the Causes and Effects of Child Trafficking, in Nigeria. In the
process of this study 140 respondents were given the questionnaire and 20
children were interviewed. Among the findings of this study shows that child
Trafficking does not increase the standard of living and over population in
families, is one of the factors that influences child trafficking. In the light
of these findings the following recommendations were made, a restricting of the
various economic policies and involvement of the populace in its planning,
grassroots oriented educational packages, the need to intensify campaigns on
the need to have small families.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Child
Trafficking is a complex political and socio-economic issue particularly when
it is considered from an African perspective. It is such complex issue that
even the governments have not been able to take a decisive action on it. Who is
a child? According to the International Conventions a child is defined as
anybody below 18 years. Oxford advance Learners 1 defines a child as "a
young human being who is not yet an adult. On the other hand, Trafficking is
about taking children out of their protective environment and preying on their
vulnerability for the purpose of exploitation (ILO, 2000). Though statistics
regarding the magnitude of child trafficking are difficult to obtain,
International Labour Organization (ILO) Estimates that 1.2 million children are
trafficked each year (ILO, 2000).
The
trafficking of children has been internationally recognized as a major human
right violation, one that exists in every region of the world. When children
have to work long hours in the fields, as trade hawkers, bonded child labour,
military use of children as well as child prostitution. Their ability to attend
school or skills training is limited preventing them from gaining education
that could help lift them out of poverty in the future (International Labour
Organization, 2007).
In 2004,
there were 218 million children working illegally in the eyes of international
treaties, Child trafficking is also defined as all economic activity for
children under 12 years, any work for those age 12-18 of sufficient hours per
week to undermine their health or education all hazardous work which could
threaten the health of children under 18. Almost all children trafficking occur
in developing countries largely in agriculture, domestic service, factory
production and backstreet workshops. Despite a fall of over 10 percent in the
figure since the last assessment in 2000, over 25 percent of children in the
sub-Sahara Africa and 18 percent in Asia remain trapped within the cycle of
poverty of which child labour is part (ILO, 2000).
According to
United Nations international children education fund (UNICEF), there is an
estimated 218 million children aged 5 to 17 in child labour worldwide,
excluding child domestic labour. The most controversial forms of work include
the military use of children as well as child prostitution. Less controversial
and often legal with some restrictions, are works as child actors and singers
as well as agricultural work outside. Child Trafficking is a widespread
phenomenon in almost all developing countries, an aspect of growing
significance in Africa. According to [LO, there are 80 million working children
in Africa and Africa records very high rates of participation in labour force
(ILO 1996). The phenomenon in Africa is closely related to a spectrum of
economic as well as socio-cultural issues. The issue, as a social and economic
problem in Africa, is a new one. This can be explained by the fact that the
traditional use of children's labour in family, business and agriculture has
always been customary and not considered to be problematic (Seminar Paper,
1979).
Child
Trafficking is a big problem in this world, millions of children are put to
work in dangerous locations and put in unhealthy conditions. Out of all the
places in the world, 28% of child trafficking occurs in Africa. Children from
ages 5-14 are involved in working. Most child Traffickers in Africa are working
in agriculture, in Nigeria in the cocoa fields and other areas in the farm
lands. The human rights watch as interviewed boy and girl trafficked children
from Nigeria about what they do. (www.thinkquest.com).
The present
economic situations of most Africa countries have to a large extent resulted in
widespread poverty in many Africa homes. These aggravating conditions have
compelled. Children are to work for their daily , bread. Poverty is the major
cause of child trafficking in Africa. A report by UNICEF about children and
work indicated that "A growing number of children living on the streets of
African capitals are suffering social dislocation, homelessness, exploitation and
abuse in all forms". At least 100 million children worldwide live at least
part of their time on streets and work in the urban informal sector (Quame,
2007).
The major
causes of child trafficking in Nigeria are as follows; broken homes, unemployed
parents, poverty, and death of parents among others. Homes are normally said to
be broken when married couples divorce. Children who are victims of broken
homes are sometime compelled to find jobs to cater for themselves since their
parent cannot do so particularly the mother. Sonic Children are also forced to
work by unemployed parents- An attempt by the parents to feed the family. Some
children also work through no fault of their parents but peer pressure. Common
business fields like selling of wares (retailing), shoes repairing and domestic
services are the major employers of child trafficking.
The
Agricultural sector are not left out as they also employ children as Tillers,
Irrigator, Planters, Harvesters and drivers with little or no experience to
work the farm lands. The young mates are normally paid lower than the adult
mates. They are sometimes not paid when the transport market is low. This is
very common particularly in Surulere local government of Oyo State.
The alarming
proportion at which child Trafficking is rising in recent tunes has called for
actions of the international cooperation to combat child trafficking, and
achievement of the goal of elimination of the worst forms of child labour -
including child trafficking - by 2016.The UN children's fund (Unicef)
stipulates that children should have access to at least maximum levels of
education, nutrition and healthcare over a long term; before they are employed.
This is to achieve the progressive elimination of child trafficking.
Also in
1990, the International Labour Organization (ILO) launched a major global
offensive by establishing the International Programme for the Elimination of
Child Labour (IPECL). The programme offers technical advisory services to
children who have suffered the worst abuses like child trafficking and forced
labour. UNICEF has come up with assistance to children covering child
trafficking; in the form of organization of special projects. These programs
help provide education, counseling, care and above all relocating these children
(Quame, 2007).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Child
Trafficking today represents the largest single cause of child abuse across the
globe. Most of it takes place in economically less developed countries, and
much is hidden. In a minority of instances the effects of child Trafficking may
be neutral or even positive, such as helping out in a family run shop, during
school holidays. In recent times studies have shown that One hundred and ninety
-one countries have recognized the right of the child to be protected from
economics exploitation and from performing work likely to be intolerable and
hazardous which send to interfere with their education, also affect their
Physical, Mental and social Development (Article 32 of The Children differ
biologically from Adults as they are at different states of growth and
development. For instance, UNICEF, 1991 estimate that there were 80 million
children aged 10-14 who took work as they were trafficked which will no doubt
interfere with their normal development.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To identify the causes and effect of child
trafficking in Surulere local government area of Oyo state.
2. To examine the relationship between child
trafficking and poverty
3. To Examine the condition -under which
trafficked children work in the agricultural sector
4. To provide indices that will help the
government in -stemming of the growth of child trafficking in Nigeria
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The under
listed are some relevant question that will guild the data and information that
will be collected in this study.
1. What are the effects of child trafficking
on the society?
2. Is the social economic status of the
family the major reason why people engage their wards in child trafficking?
3. Are there laws to protect the child from
child trafficking?
4. How can government help to eradicate child
trafficking from our society?
5. Does child trafficking increase standard
of living for family?
6. Does educational attainment of parents
play any role in child trafficking?
7. How can this study add to existing
knowledge?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis
is a tentative statement that has not been tested. In line with the following
objective, the following hypothesis will be tested.
HYPOTHESIS 1
H1: Child trafficking increases the standard
of living of family
Ho: Child Trafficking does not increase the
standard of living of family
HYPOTHESIS 2
H1: Child trafficking is more predominant
amongst unplanned family groups
Ho: Child trafficking is not predominant
amongst unplanned family groups.
HYPOTHESIS 3
H1: There is a significant relationship between
the educational attainment of
parents and child trafficking
Ho: There is no significant relationship
between the educational attainment of parents and child trafficking
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Child
traffickers are all over Nigeria majorly in the cities, and this type of study
is expected to be comprehensive so as to cover many cities. However, due to
inadequate finance and time constraints it will not be impossible to cover all
major cities. Considering this limitations, only Surulere Local Government Area
of Oyo State will be covered.
1.7 DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
The
following concepts will be relevant to this study and they are define as thus.
ABUSE: To.
ill-treat, injure, use badly
CHILD: A
young human being who is not yet an adult and who is age 18 and under.
TRAFFICKING:
Trade in humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual slavery, Forced
labour.
CONVENTION:
An agreement or covenant between parties or nations. A conference, a body of'
delegates assembled for a common purpose.
DEPRIVE: To
take something away or to withhold something.
EXPLOIT: To
take unfair advantage of someone for financial gains.
BINDER: To
impede, slow down or hold up
HAZARD: To
place (something or someone) in a dangerous or risky Situation.
DICES:
Numerical ratio deduces from observations and use as an Indicator of a process
or condition.
LARGE FAMILY
SIZE: A family of about five or more. Sometimes referred to as unplanned family
size.
LABOUR:
Prolonged hard work
NORMS: A
principle of correction that is binding the members of a group.
VERTY: The
condition or quality of being poor.
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