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AN
INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES OF STRIKE AND ITS EFFECT ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
The Research
Study was carried out to examine the causes of strike and effect on academic
performance of student and a case study of Lagos State University. InChapter
One, the topic was introduced with background to the study. This was discussed extensively. The chapter also included objectives and
significance of the study, statement of the problem, research question,
hypothesis, scope and limitation of the study with definition of terms. In
Chapter Two, literatures relevant to the study were review. It also discussed theories relevant to the
study. Chapter Threediscussed the methodology employed in the conduct of the
research. This chapter also covered the
research design research population, sample size, data instrument and
statistical techniques. Chapter Four covered the presentation and analysis of
data, the data collected from the research questionnaire were analyzed: and the
research hypothesis was tested using Chi-square statistical method. Chapter
Fivediscusses the recommendations and suggestions for further studies.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Strike
action also called labour strike or industrial, action is a work stoppage
caused by the mass refusal of employee(s) to work. A strike usually takes place
in respond to employee grievances. ·Strike 'became important during the
Industrial Revolution, when mass labour became important in factories and
mines. In most countries, they were quietly made illegal, as factory owners had
far more political power than workers. Most western countries partially
legalize striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries.
Strikes are
sometimes used to put pressure on government to change polices. Occasionally,
strike destabilizes the rule of a particular political party or ruler. In such
cases, strikes are often part of a broader social movement taking the form of a
campaign of civil resistance. A notable example is the stoppage of work by the
indigenous railways workers in (1932) led by Pa Michael Imodu during the
colonial era and the first general strike of (1945) in Nigeria.
Since 1970
to present time, workers demand for improved condition of work and wages have
increased the number of strike actions as management most times would not
accurately satisfy the needs and requests of employees even in the face of
economic recession.
In this
study, however, we are going to examine the causes of strike, i.e. consequences
and impact in the achievement of trade union objectives.
Strikes are
the most significant aspect of industrial conflict. Strike is defined as the
temporary stoppage of work in the pursuance of grievance or demand. In practice
however, 'it has been difficult to separate strike from other forms of
expression of industrial dispute as employer lock out workers and workers
themselves embark on strike action.
It is more useful
to view both phenomena as part and parcel of the conflict situation, not as
opposite. Rarely does a strike occur over a single issue for an obvious cause
may be linked with several other issues that not immediately apparent to the
observation that have caused dissatisfaction because solutions to them have
been long in coming. The actual occurrence of strike depends on several factors
including prevailing circumstances. This also goes to show that few strikes
occur spontaneously especially as there is no way of guaranteeing that strike
actions instead of the other forms of industrial action would be decided upon
by workers Involved.
Each time
strike occurs substantial man - hour is lost, a good example is the first
general strike of (1945), the (1993) ASU strike where universities in the
country was closed for couple of months thereby causing set back in the
tertiary institution. The Nigeria Labour Congress, NLC, and Trade Union
Congress, TUC, the two major umbrella bodies of workers union in Nigeria mobilized
workers for an indefinite strike action which commenced on Monday, 9th January,
2012 to drive home the protest against the fuel subsidy removal of January 1st
2012. The government of Nigeria removed fuel subsidy by increasing the price of
petrol per litre from N65 to N141 on January 1st 2012.
This
nationwide strike affected the country's economy negatively where the volume of
trading on the floor of the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) fell by 82 percent,
local flights were grounded, and lifting of crude oil was hampered. The strike
had a lot of effect on the major sector of the economy as activities of the,
(NSE) that are trading slumped by 80%, while banks complied with the strike
order and closed shop, the NSE opened for business as usual. But at close of
trading, only 46.06 million shares were traded in 20 deals.
This is a
significant reduction when compared with an average 262 million shares worth
about N1.05 billion traded in 2,509 deals the previous week. The Nigeria Labour
Congress, (NLC) has led a number of general strikes in the past to mention a
few. In 2004, the Nigeria Labour Congress gave the Federal government an
ultimatum to reverse the decision to introduce the controversial fuel tax or
force a nationwide protest strike. The strike threat was made despite the fact
that the Federal High Court judgment in an earlier dispute had declared the
organization lacking legal power to call a general strike over government
policies.
It is in
this context that the research wishes to access the impact of strike action on
the achievement of trade union objectives in both private and public sectors in
Nigeria and how management policies/decisions are influenced by workers through
the representatives (trade union) to the effect of harmonizing management polices
with trade union objectives enhancing efficiency as well as maintain good
industrial relation peace and harmony in the work place using.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The unstable
industrial relation climate in Nigeria just within the decades has resulted in
all-time record of lost working hours, unprecedented work stoppage as a result
of strike action.
By October
1981,both federal and state government were broke, by December, seven out of
the nineteen state governments could hardly pay the salaries of their
employees; by June 1982,Bendel,Rivers,Cross Rivers, Benue and Imo States were
owing teachers two to four months arrears. It was only when junior workers
threatened strike action in Cross River state and teachers actually abandoned
classes in Bendel State after not receiving January salaries as at April 1982
that both government cleared part of the outstanding amount .
In the first
six months of the year 1982, Nigeria lost a total of 4,598 man- hours because
of strike action by workers. The recent strike action embarked by Nigeria
Labour Congress inJanuary, 2012 has cost the country millions of naira as all
the sectors of the economy which engage in productivity activities in order to
boost the gross domestic product of the economy were closed down for couples of
days.
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose
of this study is to probe into the effectiveness of an investigation of causes
of strike objectives from the management. This study is based on a case study
of LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY.
Precisely,
the study is focused on following issues, "tools' for achieving union
demands from management using strike as the major tools in achieving union
objectives.
The
recommendation which will be based mainly on the findings of the research will
be implemented to strengthen the effectiveness of strike action as means of
achieving union objectives. If on the other hand, the study suggest a better
way of achieving union aims than strike, then of course the mentored will be
recommended.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The research
work focuses particularly on and investigation of causes of strike. The
research is conducted to 'cover and improve the management of organization
focusing on the LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY. For this reason therefore, the
researcher has consulted several reviews, on issues of strike and trade union
to include text books industrial relation, management, social sciences.
dissertations from academicians on related issues, Newspaper edits journal etc.
the work would be very large if all the argument of the different authors are
presented but they have been carefully selected so that only issues
particularly concentrating on the impact of strikes on the achievement of
education objectives are considered.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
A work of
this nature is not easy to accomplish for its wide scope and for the expense it
would involve such as financial problems, time constraint, material cost,
apathy on the part of respondent and bureaucratic procedure involved in
releasing data in the institution of my case study. The research would have
been more expensive and capital intensive if it were to cover all universities,
but it is limited to Lagos State University as the case study.
1.6 RESEACH QUESTIONS
1. What is the perception of an
average university student about ASUU strike action?
2. How does the strike action by
ASUU affect students' academic performance?
3. What are the possible ways of
minimizing the effects of ASUU strike on student's academic performance?
4. What can be done by government
to reduce the incessant strike action to the barest minimum?
1.7 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The
researcher formulates the following hypothesis based on the objectives and
problems identified for the purpose of this research work stating them in both
Null and alternate forms.
1. Ho: institution objectives are low
where there is a strong and viable trade union.
H1:
Institution objectives are high where there is a strong and viable trade union.
2. Ho: Trade union and management do
not co-operate to raise organizational objectives
H1: Trade
union and management co-operate to raise organizational objectives
3. Ho: There is no significant
relationship between the activities of trade union and organizational
objectives.
H1: There is
a significant relationship between the activities of trade union and
organizational objectives.
4. Ho: Unstable union- management relationship
has no significant effect on the organizational objective
H1: Unstable
union- management relationship has significant effect on the organizational
objective
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
research work will be relevant to institutions and students.
It will be
beneficial to other public sectors in Nigeria; it will also be of importance to
government, academicians, potential and future researchers on the issue of the
impact of strike action on the achievement of trade union objectives in an
institution. This empirical study is also important for the reward of Bachelor
of Education (B.Ed) in Guidance and Counseling.
The study
will also identify how institutions and union can cooperate to enhance the achievement
of educational objectives in an institution. It will provide a basis for trade
union reorientation objectives are achieved for better and harmonious
institutional relationship. It will also provide a frame work for management
and union to relate for achievement of educational goals.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
STRIKE:
Strike is defined as a temporary stoppage of work in the pursuance of a
grievance or demand.
TRADE UNION:
Is a combination of workers who are wages or salary earners form for the
purpose of regulating work terms and condition for maintenance and improving
the employment condition of their members.
WORKING
CONDITION: A comfortable environment (condition of staff offices and lecture
hall, laboratory rooms and equipment, field and sports equipment, temperature
and humidity, cleanliness, comfort and safety (of floors, classrooms and so
fort) and efficiency (steady product flow, adequate wage and salary,
performance approval, incentive, motivation and welfare services.
GRIEVANCE:
situation of dissatisfaction, on the part of the workers of the institution.
EMPLOYEE:
Refers to worker(s), person(s) responsible for carrying out day to day
activities of the organization toward achieving the target goals.
EMPLOYER:
Refers to the management board, one who engages human and material resources
for the production of goods and services.
MANAGEMENT:
Refers in this study to be the government, states government, body employer and
its representatives, head of departments and supervisors inclusive.
DISPUTE: Is
any argument or disagreement between employer and workers, or between workers
and workers which is concerned with the employment and non-employment
conditions of work of any person.
WORK: This
implies any kind of purposive action i.e. whether paid or unpaid, full time or
part time, formal or informal with reference to an organization; it used to
imply the operation involved in a particular job or work.
ORGANIZATION:
A group of people brought together for the purpose of achieving certain
objectives, while these members may change the role of organization which is
its basic unit is maintained.
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